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OAT Bio
Chapter 8 - Respiration
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Respiration | utilization of O2 by an organism; intake of O2 from environment, transport of it in blood, and oxidation of fuel molecules in cell |
| External respiration | entrance of air in lungs and gas exchange btwn alveoli and blood |
| Internal respiration | exchange of gas btwn blood and the cells |
| Photosynthesis | converts E of sun into chemical E held in bonds of compounds like glucose; covert CO2 and H2O to glucose and O2; light and dark rxns |
| RESPIRATION | conversion of chemical E in bonds into E (ATP) needed to drive processes of living cells; CO2 is end product |
| Fuel Molecules | Carbohydrates and fats; C-H bonds are high in E |
| Dehydrogenation | an oxidation reaction where H atoms are removed from organic compounds |
| Two Stages that contribute to Oxidation of glucose | Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration |
| Glycolysis | first step of glucose catabolism; occurs in cytoplasm; leads to 2 PGALs --> 2 pyruvates, ATP, and reduced NADH |
| Steps to Glycolysis | Glucose-glucose 6 phosphate-fructose 6 phosphate-fructose 1,6 phosphate-PGAL and Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (2 PGAL)-1,3 diphosphoglycerate- 3 phosphoglycerate-2 phosphoglycerate-phosphoenopyruvate- pyruvate |
| Products of Glycolysis/Net Gain | 4 ATP, 2 Pyruvates, 2 NADH, water, H+/net: 2 ATP |
| 2 Directions that Pyruvate can proceed | Fermentation (Anaerobic) or Cellular Respiration (Aerobic) |
| Fermentation | anaerobic process leading to formation of ethanol or lactic acid; produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule |
| Alcohol Fermentation | occurs in yeast/bacteria; pyruvate-ethanol; NAD+ regenerated to continue glycolysis |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | occurs in fungi, bacteria, human muscles during strenuous activity; pyruvate reduced to lactic acid; NAD+ regenerated for glycolysis |
| Cellular Respiration | second step of glucose catabolism; areobic, harvests E in glucose by using O2 as final electron acceptor; occurs in mitochondria |
| Products of Cellular Respiration | 36-38 ATP |
| Substrate-Lvl Phosphorylation | ATP synthesis is directly coupled with breakdown of glucose without an intermediate (glycolysis, pyruvate decarboxylation, and krebs) |
| 3 Stages of Cell Respiration | pyruvate decarboxylation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain |
| 1. Pyruvate Decarboxylation | pyruvate from cytoplasm to mitochondria; it loses CO2 (decarboxylated), coenzyme A--acetyl coA; NADH made |
| 2. Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs | acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate; 2 CO2 released |
| Products of Krebs Cycle | 2 GTP (ATP), 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 |
| 3. Electron Transport Chain | a complex carrier mechanism located on inner mitochondrial membrane; oxidative phosphorylation; electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH to O2 by cytochromes going thru redox rxns |
| Cytochromes | electron carriers that resemble hemoglobin; they have central iron atom |
| Total NET E Production for Substrate-Lvl phosphorylation | 4 ATP (2 from glycolysis, 2 from citric acid cycle) |
| Total NET E Production for Oxidative phosphorylation | 32 ATP (4 from glycolysis NADH, 4 from FADH2, 6 from NADH from pyruvate decarboxylation, 18 from NADH citric acid cyle) |
| TOTAL ATP per Glucose Molecule | 36 ATP for eukaryotes, 38 ATP for prokaryotes |
| Alternative Energy Sources when glucose is low | Other carbohydrates, fats, proteins |
| 1. Carbohydrates | dissacharides can be hydrolyzed to monosaccharides which can be converted to glucose or intermediates; glycogen from liver can too |
| 2. Fats | Triglycerides hydrolyzed by lipases to fatty acids and glycerol; glycerol --> PGAL; fatty acids go thru beta oxidation --> acetyl CoA |
| Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids Products | 1 NADH and 1 FADH2 |
| 3. Proteins | AA go thru transamination rxn (exchange amino for keto to form alpha-keto acid) and then converted to acetyl CoA, pyruvate, or intermediate Or oxidative deamination (removal of ammonia) |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS RXN | 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light E (sun) --> Glucose + 6 O2 + 6 H2O; in chloroplasts |
| Starch | glucose is stored in plants as... |
| Light Rxns (Photolysis) | converts solar E into chemical E in the form of ATP and NADPH; light strikes P700 molecule and excites electrons and these electrons can flow one of two ways, cyclic or noncyclic; in grana |
| Chlorophyll | absorbs photons of light to drive photosynthesis rxna |
| Dark Rxns | Carbon Fixation (CO2 into organic molecules), reduction synthesis (CO2 is reduced to produce carbohydrates); use NADPH and ATP from light rxns to reduce CO2 to carbohydrates; in stroma |
| Cyclic Electron Flow (Light) | electrons of P700 flow along chain of electron carriers; redox rxns; electrons return to P700 and 2 ATP is produced by cyclic photophosphorylation |
| Noncyclic Electron Flow (Light) | more likely pathway;instead of returning to P700, the electrons reduce NADP+ to NADPH; P700 is without electrons so it's an oxidizing agent Or light hits P680, excited electrons flow down chain used by cyclic e- flow until they get to P700 to fill e- |
| Noncyclic Photophosphorylation (Light) | cascade of rxns producing ATP with P680- the e- go to P700 since it is missing electrons cuz NADP+ takes em; gives you NADPH, ATP, and breakdown of water |
| P680 aka chlorophyll b | is a strong enough oxidizing agent to oxidize water to fill its e- holes |
| Calvin Cycle (Dark Rxn) | CO2 is reduced to carbohydrates; product is PGAL; cycle takes place 3 times |
| Pathway of Calvin Cycle | CO2 binds with RBP--splits into two molecules of PGA-- 2 PGAL so in 6 turns, 12 PGALs made which leads to 6 RBP and 1 glucose molecule |
| PGAL | prime end product of photosynthesis that is used as an immediate food nutrient (forms sugars, is stored as starch, or transported to other cells |
| Cnidarians | exchange of gases btwn cell and environment by simple diffusion cuz all cells in contact with environment |
| Annelids | mucus on external surface allows for gas exchange by simple diffusion; circulatory system brings O2 to cells and takes CO2 to skin for excretion |
| Arthropods | open circulatory system; they have tubules called tracheae that take air to every cell and go thru spiracles to exit body; diffusion thru spiracles and tracheae so no O2 carrier needed |
| Alveoli | air-filled sacs at the end of airway branches; provide surface for gas exchange |
| Humans Respiratory Organs | nose, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, alveoli |
| Ventilation | process of taking in O2 and eliminating CO2 from body; regulated by respiratory centers in medulla oblongata |
| Inhalation | diaphragm contracts and flattens, muscles contract, rib cage and chest go up and out increasing V; lung P decreases and lungs expand and fill with air |
| Exhalation | passive; lungs and chest recoil to original positions; diaphragm relaxes; chest down and in; V decreases, P increases, lungs deflate forcing air out |
| Gas Exchange (Humans) | breathing = P gradient which allows simple diffusion of gases btwn alveoli and pulmonary capillaries; O2 goes from alveoli air to blood; CO2 blood to alveoli |
| Pulmonary Surfactant | detergent-like substance that coats alveoli to reduce surface tension caused by water molecules and allows gas exchange |
| Respiration in Plants | Aerobic - similar to animals - glycolysis to get 2 ATP - gases enter and exit thru stomata; 36 ATP produced per glucose Anaerobic - similar to animals |
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JaeBae4444
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