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B1 Biology
AQA docshort
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Metabolism | All the chemical reactions going on in cells. |
| Metabolic rate | How quickly all the reactions are going on in cells. |
| Balanced diet | Diet that has the right amount of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, water and fibre, and gives you enough energy. |
| Deficiency disease | Disease caused by not eating enough of a particular nutrient e.g. Scurvy from too little vitamin C. |
| Obese | Being very overweight. |
| Statins | Medicinal drugs that reduce the amount of cholesterol made by the body. |
| Microorganism | Small organisms, seen under a microscope e.g. bacteria and viruses. |
| Pathogen | A microorganism that can cause an infectious disease. |
| Bacteria | Single-celled microorganism, 1-5 μm long. They do not have DNA enclosed inside a nucleus. |
| Virus | Very infectious pathogen. Can only reproduce inside a host cell. |
| Toxin | Poison. |
| Symptoms | How you feel when you have a disease e.g. headache, nausea. |
| Painkiller | Drug that stops you feeling pain e.g. paracetamol. |
| Antibiotic | Chemical, usually made by fungi or bacteria, that can be used as medicine to kill other fungi or bacteria. |
| Antibiotic resistance | The ability some bacteria develop meaning that an antibiotic will not kill them anymore. |
| Natural selection | The survival of organisms better adapted to their environment. |
| Immune system | Your body’s system that fights infections, involving white blood cells and antibodies. |
| Antibody | Special protein in the body that can bind to a particular antigen and destroy a particular pathogen. |
| Antigen S | pecial protein on the surface of pathogenic cells. Bind matching antibodies during the immune response. |
| Immunity | After you have made antibodies to a pathogen, you are able to fight off the pathogen in future without getting ill. |
| Immunisation | Injecting dead or inactive pathogens into a patient to stimulate the body to create antibodies. |
| Epidemic | Sudden outbreak of a disease that affects many people within a country. |
| Pandemic | Epidemic that sweeps across continents or the whole world. |
| Stimulus | Change in the environment, such as a temperature change, that you respond to. |
| Central nervous system (CNS) | The brain and spinal cord. |
| Receptor | Cell or sense organ that detects stimuli. |
| Peripheral nervous system(PNS) | Nerves carrying information from sense organs in the body to the CNS, and from the CNS to effectors. |
| Neurone Cell | specialised to carry electrical impulses |
| Reflex action | Fast automatic response of the body to a potentially dangerous stimulus, coordinated by the spinal cord. |
| Synapse | Small gap between neurones, or between a neurone and effector. |
| Effector | Organ such as a gland or muscle that responds to a stimulus. |
| Hormone | Chemical made by a gland and carried in the blood to its target organ(s). |
| Secrete | Produce a hormone in special cells of a gland. |
| Gland | Structure inside an organism that makes a useful substance, often a hormone. |
| Target organ | Organ or part of the body that responds to a particular hormone. |
| Ion | Charged particle, e.g. Na+, K+, Mg+. |
| Sex hormones | Hormones produced in the sex organs (ovaries and testes). |
| Oestrogen | A female sex hormone involved in regulating the menstrual cycle. |
| Progesterone | A female sex hormone involved in maintaining the uterus lining. |
| Menstrual cycle | Monthly cycle in adult females. |
| FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) | A female sex hormone, involved in making eggs mature in the ovaries. |
| LH | A female sex hormone involved in triggering ovulation. |
| Contraception | A substance that prevents conception (getting pregnant). |
| Ovulation | Release of a mature egg from an ovary. |
| In vitro fertilisation (IVF) | Fertilisation carried out outside the body, so the egg and sperm join in a glass dish to form an embryo that is injected back into the women’s uterus. |
| Tropism | Plant growth response to a stimulus. |
| Phototropic | Plants response to the direction of light. Shoots grow towards it, and roots grow away from it. |
| Auxin | A plant hormone that causes shoots and roots to bend. |
| Geotropic | A plants response to the pull of gravity. Roots grow towards it, and sshoots grow away from it. |
| Drug | Chemical that alters the way your brain or body works. |
| Addiction | The body becomes dependent on a drug and will not function properly without it. |
| Withdrawal symptoms | If you are addicted to a drug, when you stop taking it you get unpleasant symptoms such as pain and tremors. |
| Recreational drug | A drug taken for pleasure with no medicinal purpose e.g. caffeine, nicotine, alcohol. |
| Medicinal drug | A drug used for medical purposes only, e.g. antibiotics, statins. |
| Performance enhancing drugs | A drug used illegally by some athletes to help improve their performance in competition e.g. steroids. |
| Thalidomide | Drug used as a sleeping pill and for morning sickness without clinical trials. It caused birth defects with thousands on new babies. |
| Clinical trial | Testing a drug to make sure it works and has no harmful side effects. |
| Placebo | Dummy pill or treatment with NO active drug in it. |
| Double blind trial | Clinical trial in which neither the patients nor the doctors know whether they are getting the real treatment or a placebo. |
| Adaptation | Feature of the body that helps an organism survive. |
| Camouflage | The colouring of an animal that allows it to blend in with its surroundings. |
| Needles | Plant adaptation of having reduced leaves with small surface area. |
| Surface area | The total amount of the surface of an organism or part of an organism. |
| Spines | Adaptation of a cactus to have leaves with reduced surface area and pointed ends. |
| Extremophiles | Organisms that can withstand extreme environmental conditions e.g. thermophiles |
| Resource | Something that an organism needs to survive e.g. food, space, water. |
| Competition | The struggle between organisms to get enough resources to survive. |
| Population | The number of organisms of a species in a given area. |
| Pollutant | Substance put into the environment by human activity, which is not normally there. |
| Living indicators | Indicator species scientists have learnt to use to help measure pollution levels e.g. lichens. |
| Non-living indicators | Scientific equipment that enables pollution levels to be monitored e.g. pH meters. |
| Indicator species | Species that survive best at certain levels of pollution, and give an idea of the pollution level e.g. rat tailed maggot. |
| Food chain | A way of showing what organisms eat, showing the flow of energy from one organism to the next. |
| Pyramid of biomass | A way of showing the biomass of organisms at each link in the food chain. |
| Energy | The ability to do work in the body to maintain life. |
| Efficiency | Carrying out a process, such as producing food, with the minimum loss of energy. |
| Microbe | Microscopic organism such as bacteria or fungi. |
| Decay | A process by which microbes break down dead bodies or waste. |
| Carbon cycle | A process by which carbon moves between the living and non-living world and back again. |
| Photosynthesis | Chemical reaction in plants that builds glucose from carbon dioxide and water, using sunlight energy. |
| Respiration | Chemical reaction in living organisms that releases energy from glucose, producing water and carbon dioxide. |
| Gene | Segment of DNA that codes for a particular characteristic or protein. |
| Chromosome | Structure in a cell nucleus that consist of one molecule of DNA that has condensed. |
| Sexual reproduction | Reproduction involving the joining of gametes from two parents. |
| Asexual reproduction | Reproduction without gametes/sex cells, using mitosis. |
| Gametes | Sex cells e.g. sperm and egg. They have half the normal amount of chromosomes. |
| Cuttings | Taking part of a plant and making new plants by asexual reproduction. |
| Clones | Genetically identical organisms. |
| Tissue culture | Growing whole new plants from small groups of cells taken from one plant. |
| Embryo transplant | Method of cloning for animals. A fertilised embryo is split so up so each cell can develop into a new individual. |
| Adult cell cloning | Removing the nucleus from an unfertilised egg and replacing it with the nucleus from another cell taken from an adult organism. |
| Genetic engineering | Changing an organism’s genes by inserting a gene from another organism. |
| Enzyme | Biological catalyst made of protein. They speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. |
| DNA | Chemical that carries the genetic code. |
| Genetic modification | Changing an organism’s genes to give it desirable characteristics. |
| Herbicide | Weedkiller. |
| Fertiliser | Chemical added to soil to improve mineral content and promote plant growth. |
| Pesticide | Chemical sprayed onto crop plants to kill pests such as insects. |
| Yield | The amount of useful product e.g. crop from plants. |
| Classification | Sorting organisms into groups (e.g. kingdoms) according to their characteristics. |
| Kingdom | Major subdivision in the classification of living organisms, e.g. plant kingdom. |
| Evolution | Gradual change in an organism over time. |
| Mutation | Change in the structure of a gene. This may results in a different characteristic being developed. |
| Species | Group of organisms that are similar and capable of producing fertile offspring. |
| Darwin | The scientist who came up with the theory of evolution through natural selection. |
| Lamarck | The scientist who believed in the inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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