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OCR - U2 - C
Classification
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is classification | The act of arranging organisms into groups based off of their similarities and differences |
| Why classify | It makes organising, identifying and studying organisms easier. |
| What is the study of classification called | Taxonomy |
| How many levels of classification are there in the taxonomic hierarchy | Eight |
| What are the different levels of the taxonomic hierarchy | - Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species |
| What are the five kingdoms | - prokaryotae - Protoctista - Fungi - Plantae - Animalia |
| What are some characteristics of a Prokaryotae and give an example of an organism within that kingdom | Bacteria - prokaryotic, Unicellular, no nucleus, smaller then 5 micrometres |
| What are some characteristics of a Protoctista and give an example of an organism within that kingdom | Algae, protozoa - Eukaryotic cells, usually water bound, single celled or very simple multicellular |
| What are some characteristics of a Fungi and give an example of an organism within that kingdom | Moulds, yeasts, mushrooms - Eukaryotic, chitin cell wall, saprotrophic (absorbs substances from dead organisms) |
| What are some characteristics of a Plantae and give an example of an organism within that kingdom | Mosses, ferns, flowering plants - Eukaryotic, multicellular, can photosynthesis, cellulose cell wall, can contain chlorophyll, autotrophic |
| What are some characteristics of a Animalia and give an example of an organism within that kingdom | insects, fish, mammals, birds etc - Eukaryotic, no cell walls, heterotrophic |
| What does the word saprotrophic mean | An organism that feeds off of the substances of dead organisms (fungi do this) |
| What does the word heterotrophic mean | An organism that produces its own food supply (plants photosynthesising) |
| What does the word autotrophic mean | An organism that kills other plants and animals for food |
| What is the binomial naming system | an internationally accepted latin name that is given to each species on the planet, consisting of two parts (Homo sapien) H.sapien = Human. IMPORTANT (The first word is capitalised and the second isnt) |
| What does the first part of a binomial name mean | The first part like "Mycobacterium" is referring to the genus. |
| What does the second part of a binomial name mean | The second part like "Tuberculosis" is referring to the species. |
| Why is a two part name useful | Some plants like raspberries may have over a 100 different species and the butter cup has over 90 genuses associated with its name, the binomial system ensures each species is accounted for and categorised seperatly |
| What is Phylogeny | The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms |
| What does it tell us | How close each species is related to one another, for instance human organisms are related to chimps and bonobos via the family "Hominidae", it shows us our common ancestors, who we are related to and how closely related we are |
| How might Phylogeny effect classification | When arranging hierarchies of different organisms, the knowledge of how closely related we are will help us organise and structure the tree. |
| Why might mere observation alone not work for accurately classifying organisms | Two organisms may look similar like a shark and a whale but my not be closely related, simple observations may not be accurate ways to classify organisms alone |
| What are some better ways to classify organisms | - molecular evidence - Embryological evidence - Anatomical evidence - behavioural evidence |
| What kind of molecular evidence can we study in organisms in order to better classify them | We can study the similarities in the proteins and the DNA, more closely related organisms may have similar molecular chemistry then those further apart. You can observe the sequences of DNA, and the primary structure of proteins |
| What kind of Embryological evidence can we study in organisms in order to better classify them | We can compare the early stages of development in organisms, how the development differs, (laying eggs, fertilising with pollen etc) |
| What kind of Anatomical evidence can we study in organisms in order to better classify them | Comparing the structure and function of body parts within different organiams |
| What kind of Behavioural evidence can we study in organisms in order to better classify them | Comparing how the organism behaves on its own as a group and in certain situations, mating, fighting, courting etc |
| How might better technology such as improved microscopy technology aid classification | Better microscopes will allow scientists to look at the ultrastructure of cells, see how they interact and what occurs inside them this will help makes comparisons to other cells from other organisms |
| Why do scientists make scientific journals and have there findings peer reviewed when classifying organisms | As the classification process will result in global naming conventions, the need for accuracy is high, peer reviews ensure research is correct and wont result in mistakes |
| What are the three domains | - Archaea - bacteria - Eukarya |
| What is a key feature of a Eukarya organism | Has a nucleus |
| What is a key feature of a Prokaryotae organism | Unicellular organisms without a nucleus this domain is subdivided into Archae and Bacteria |
| What kind of evidence caused divide between archaea and bacteria | Molecular evidence found that the RNA polymerase enzyme is different in bacteria then it is in Archaea Membrane evidence found that the bonds between lipids in the membranes was different in bacteria then in Archaea |
| What is a Dichotomous key | A classification method where each question will provide a binary result, "either the organism is this or this/move to next question" |
| Dichotomous key: Q1) is it green: yes = grass, no = move to Q2 Q2) is it red/brown = irish moss, no = Yellow Bromeliad Classify plants with this: Plant is Yellow Plant is red plant is green | Yellow bromeliad irish moss Grass |
Created by:
delldom
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