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OCR - U2 - Biod
Biodiversity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is biodiversity | The variety of living organisms in an area |
| what is a species | a group of similar organisms able to reproduce to give fertile offspring |
| What is a habbit | The area inhabited by a species |
| An area with many species has a "BLANK" biodiversity | High |
| What is habitat diversity | The number of habitats in an area |
| what is species diversity | The number of species in an area and its abundance |
| what is genetic diversity | The variation of alleles within a species or population of one |
| Why are samples taken when measuring biodiversity | The samples save time and ensure more land can be surveyed quicker then if each species was counted 1 by 1 |
| How is a sample taken | Choose an area to sample, count the number of individual species in the area. Use a sampling method, then repeat this process several times to get an accurate reading |
| What methods are there for measuring plant diversity | Quadrat - A 1m x 1m square that you place over the land you want to sample |
| What methods are there for measuring Flying insect diversity | A sweep net - a net on a pole you swing around |
| What methods are there for measuring insect diversity | A pitfall trap - a small hole dug in the ground that is covered up that insects will fall into |
| What methods are there for measuring aquatic animals diversity | A simple net |
| How do you avoid bias in your sampling | ensure sampling locations are random, this is done by a computer that will generate random coordinates and you match those to the area of land your sampling, this does not void the purpose of repetitions though |
| What is species richness | the number of species in an area |
| What is species eveness | the relative abundance of species in an area, if one species has 100 animals per 1x1m and another has 98 animals per 1x1m this means the area has an high species evenness, had the second species have only 34 per 1x1m S.richness would be lower |
| What is a better measure of diversity | The simpsons index of diversity |
| Why is Simpsons index preferable to measuring diversity then simply richness or evenness | This calculation takes into consideration both richness and evenness and does not make unfair comparisons to species with low abundance and those with higher abundance |
| What is the calculation for simpsons index | D = 1 - (Σ(n/N)²) n - total number of individuals in one species N - total number of organisms of all species Σ - sum of |
| What does D represent in simpons index and how is it understood | D - the simpsons index measure of diversity, the closer to 1 the answer is the higher the diversity |
| calculate SI, for a field with 4 red flowers, 2 blue, 6 green and 1 yellow | D = 1 - ((1/13)²+(4/13)²+(2/13)²+(6/13)²) D = 1 - (57/169) D = 0.66 relatively high diversity |
| What is global biodiverity | The total number of species on earth |
| What is a named species | A species that has been classified and categorised |
| What is an unnamed species | A species that is yet to be discovered and categorised, the assumptions may stem from gaps in evolutionary trees, unexplained research findings that aren't accounted for by current species databases etc |
| How many species are there on the planet | The current popular number is between 5 million to a 100 million and 14 million is a current estimate. |
| Why is measuring total global species richness difficult | Scientists using different methods of researching the richness, some organisms are unknown or poorly understood, high richness areas like rainforests are very underexplored |
| What is climate change | The variation in the earths climate, temperature, rainfall patterns bodies of ice melting etc |
| What causes climate change | The scientific consensus is that climate change is a naturally occurring process however its also widely agreed that our emission of greenhouse gases is accelerating the process |
| What effect will human activity have on climate change | the heavy release of greenhouse gases will mean that the global temperature will rise |
| What effect will this have on climate specific species | As the temperature increases in some areas and decreases in others, species that require hot climates will die out in the cold and visa versa for colder climate species |
| How will climate change effect species distributions | As climates change drastically, the climates will force species to migrate to other areas throwing current understandings and research findings and distorting biodiversity by lowering it on area and increasing it in another |
| if the species cannot migrate what happens to it | The species with no other suitable habitat will mostly likely die out and become extinct, this will lower biodiversity |
| What effect does climate change have on the spread of disease | As temperature changes some species's limitations of suitable habitats will increases meaning disease carrying animals can travel further and spread the disease further, malaria and fungal diseases thrive in hot we climates so yeah |
| What effect does climate change have on agriculture | Change of temperature, rainfall patterns, seasonal timing, flood potential and drought will be effected by climate change |
| What are some specific examples of effects to agriculture as a result of climate change | a pieces of previously unsuitable land may become suitable, however current viable land will most likely become not viable effecting crop harvests and food chains causing changes biodiversity |
| what effects will extreme weather and natural disasters as a result of climate change have on agriculture | extreme weather and natural disasters will impact the food chains potentially killing off species dependent on the food chain lowering biodiversity |
| What categorical reasons are there for the importance of maintaining biodiversity | - Economical - Ecological - Ethical - Aesthetic |
| What are some economical reasons for maintaining biodiversity | - Food and drink consumption - Clothing - Drugs from natural species - Fuels, biofuels and renewable fuels - Materials for industry, wood, rubber, glues, oils and chemical pesticides for agriculture |
| What are some ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity | - Food chain disruption - destruction of species who enrich soil nutrients (worms), this will effect plant growth - loss of habitat - Destruction of habitats with high CO2 concentrations will release the C02 effecting climate change |
| What are some ethical reasons for maintaining biodiversity | - Organisms have a right to life, and out actions as humans should be to the detriment of other life - We have a moral responsibility to preserve our life, human life and all other life forms - Religious stuff too |
| What are some aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity | - Plants and animals give humans emotional joy - Interesting animals, plants and habitats bring tourists which aids both economical reasons and interest reasons |
| What are some agricultural reasons for maintaining biodiversity (1.) | Pollinators - bees or insects that pollinate plants and crops, more diversity means more pollinators Pest Control - A number of animals are predators of crop pest, more biodiversity will ensure crop pests are eaten by predators |
| What are some agricultural reasons for maintaining biodiversity (2.) | Food for humans and livestock - the more biodiversity there is the more choice there is for food Cross-breeding - Combining wild plant varieties with domestic varieties can produce crops with improved characteristics, disease resistance, fast growth |
| What are some agricultural reasons for maintaining biodiversity (3.) | Protection against natural disasters - if we only eat a small range of food, if that food source goes, we are going to starve, more biodiversity means more choice (Ireland's potato famine was an example of this) |
| What Is Situ conservation | This is a form of conservation that tries to conserve a species on site |
| What are some methods of In Situ conservation (1.) | Establishing protected areas (national parks), this will restrict industrial impact on the species within the area. Controlling introduction of new species that might destroy the old one. Maintaining threatened habitats, (controlling water levels) |
| What are some methods of In Situ conservation (2.) | Restoring damaged habitats, (coastline oil spills) Protecting individual species, protecting nesting sites and food sources Giving legal protection to harm or cultivation of a species, illegal to kill it basically |
| Why is this form of conversation good | This form of conservation is not too invasive or too expensive, the alternative requires more work, money, time and a removal of a species from its habitat to another area may be more detrimental then conservative |
| What is Ex Situ conservation | This is a form of conservation that tries to conserve a species by relocating the species to a new location (last resort) |
| What are some methods of Ex Situ conservation (1.) | Relocation to a safer area to avoid human predation Breeding the species in a controlled area then releasing them when they are in more stable numbers |
| What are some methods of Ex Situ conservation (2.) | Botanical gardens are gardens that have a variety of controlled environments that may hold already extinct in the wild species of plants that are safe in the gardens, they can be researched and when ready can be reintroduced back into the wild. |
| What are some methods of Ex Situ conservation (3.) | Seed banks are another form of off site conservation, as seed can hold there fertility for more then 100 years this is a safe way to preserve the species in case of natural disasters |
| What is the Rio convention | They look at the sustainable usage of plants and animals, and to develop international strategies on global conservation. creating laws governing conservation and guiding governments to making correct choices on conserving biodiversity |
| What is the CITES agreement | (Convention of international trade in Endangered species) - regulating what animals can be traded as property. Killing endangered animals is illegal, making trade of such materials illegal too, this is also designed to raise awareness of the problem |
| Why is a global consensus important | Without a multiple country agreement, what is illegal in one country is legal in another one, making the whole point of conservation pointless if rules can be ignored by crossing a border |
| What is an EIA | )Environment Impact Assessment) - How an industrial action like building a power station or a shopping centre on a piece of land will effect the environment |
| What are some factors that are important when conducting an EIA | - Estimating the change in biodiversity before and after construction - Identifying ways that biodiversity can be conserved - Identifying threatened or endangered species, and looking and laws associated with that species, and taking pre build actions. |
| Why is an EIA important | The EIA will ensure that companies that are simply interested in money are made aware of the effects of their construction and some laws can prevent them from causing harm to the environment, basically conserving biodiversity. |
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delldom
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