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OAT Bio
Chapter 12 - Animal Behavior
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Reflexes | automatic responses to simple stimuli; behavioral response to environmental stimulus |
| Simple reflex | controlled at spinal cord; more important for lower animals |
| Reflex Pathway | stimulus(receptor cell)-sensory(afferent) neuron-spinal cord (internueron)-motor(efferent) neuron-muscle |
| Complex reflex | involve neural integration at a higher lvl-brainstem and cerebrum |
| Startle Response | alerts an animal to significant stimulus like danger or ya name being called; involves reticular activating system |
| reticular activating system | many neurons responsible for sleep-wake transitions and behavioral motivation |
| Fixed-Action Patterns | complex, coordinated, innate behavioral responses to specific patterns of stimulation in environment |
| releaser | stimulus that elicits the behavior |
| Examples of fixed action patterns | maintenance response of female birds to an egg of dey species, flying actions of locusts, swimming actions of fish |
| Circadian Rhythms | daily cycles of behavior like sleeping |
| Environmental Stimuli | like response to traffic light signals |
| Learned Behavior | adaptive responses to the environment; mostly in higher animals cuz of neurologic development |
| Habituation | type of learned behavior where one suppresses normal startle responses to stimuli |
| Spontaneous Recovery | when the response to a stimulus recovers over time because the stimulus isn't regularly applied anymore or is modified; recovery after extinction |
| Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) | association of a normally autonomic response with an environmental stimulus; conditioned reflex; dog salivating when bell rings |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | Part of an established innate reflex; food is an example cuz it leads to salivating |
| Unconditioned Response | a naturally elicited response (salivating when food is present) |
| Neutral Stimulus | The bell in Pavlov expt before conditioning |
| Conditioning | pairing the unconditioned stimulus with neutral stimulus |
| Conditioned Stimulus | The bell in Pavlov expt after conditioning |
| Pseudoconditioning | when the neutral stimulus is able to elicit the response before conditioning, making it NOT a real neutral stimulus; tests must be conducted to determine if stimulus is actually neutral |
| Operant/Instrumental Conditioning | responses to stimuli with the use of reward/reinforcement by Skinner |
| Operant Response | in Skinner expt, pressing the lever was this |
| Positive Reinforcement | providing a reward to make an action more likely to occur; good connection btwn action and reward; normal habit formation |
| Negative Reinforcement | providing a reward to make an action less likely to occur; links lack of a certain behavior with a reward |
| Punishment | conditioning an organism to stop a given behavior pattern; makes behavioral response less likely to be repeated |
| Habit Family Heirarchy | the probability of occurrence of responses to stimuli; Rewards increases a response's probability while punishment decreases probability |
| Extinction | Operant: gradual elimination of conditioned responses in absence of reinforcement (unlearning the response) Classical: US is removed or not paired w CS well enuff |
| Stimulus Generalization | when conditioned animal responds to stimuli similar to original |
| Stimulus Discrimination | when the learning animal responds deferentially to slightly diff stimuli (respond to the range trained by but not to stimuli outside the range) |
| Stimulus Generalization Gradient | when stimuli further and further away from the original conditioned stimulus elicits responses with decreasing magnitude |
| Imprinting | environmental patterns or objects presented to a developing organism during a brief critical period in early life becomes accepted permanently as an element of its behavioral environment (duck following the first moving object) |
| Critical Period | specific time periods during an animal's early development when it is physiologically able to develop specific behavioral patterns (visual critical period) |
| Intraspecific Interactions | communication btwn members of a species |
| Behavioral Displays | an innate behavior that has evolved as a signal for communication btwn members of same species (reproductive, agonistic-dog wagging tail, dancing-bees) |
| Pecking Order | social hierarchy among same species; dominant over submissive |
| Pheromones | substances that influence behavior of other members of the same species |
| Releaser Pheromones | trigger a reversible behavioral change in recipient (sex-attractant, alarm, and toxic substances) |
| Primer Pheromones | produce long-term behavioral and physiological effects in recipient animal |
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