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Biology Chapter 5
Biochemistry - Macromolecules
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Biochemistry | The chemistry of living things. What are all the molecules important to life? |
| Macromolecules | Large Molecules. Huge! |
| Monomer | Repeating units that serve as the building blocks of polymers. |
| Dimer | Two monomers bonded together |
| Polymer | Long molecule consisting of many building blocks linked by covalent bonds. |
| Dehydration Synthesis | Covalently linking small molecules together by the removal of water. Anabolic |
| Hydrolysis | Breaking of larger molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water. Catabolic |
| Four Main Classes of Macromolecules | 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids |
| Carbohydrates: CHO | A class of Macromolecules. If a compound ends in an "ose", then it is a carbohydrate. |
| Monosaccharides | The monomers of carbohydrates. Simple sugars. Provides immediate energy. Basic ratio of atoms is 1 Carbon:2 Hydrogen:1 Oxygen..... A. Trios B. Pentose C. Hexose |
| Triose | Sugars that contains 3 carbons. C(3)H(6)O(3). Monosaccharide |
| Pentose | Sugars that contain 5 carbons. C(5)H(10)O(5). Monosaccharide. Ex: deoxribose, ribose |
| Hexose | Sugars that contain 6 carbons. Most common. C(6)H(12)O(6). Ex: glucose, fructose |
| Glucose | A type of sugar that is found in plants and fruits. Hexose Monosaccharide. Contains functional groups Aldehyde and Hydroxyl |
| Fructose | A very sweet kind of sugar that is found in fruit juices and honey. Hexose Monosaccharide. Contains functional groups Ketone and Hydroxyl. |
| Structural Isomers | Two Molecules: Have same molecular formula; different structural arrangements of atoms(built differently)....Glucose and Fructose are structural isomers |
| Disaccharides | The dimers of carbohydrates, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage. Ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| Glycosidic Linkage(Bond) | A covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis |
| Sucrose | glucose + fructose(Table sugar) |
| Lactose | glucose + galactose(Milk) |
| Maltose | glucose + glucose |
| Polysaccharides | The polymers of carbohydrates, consisting of 100's to 1000's of monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkages. Macromolecule!!! |
| Polysaccharide Energy Storage Forms | 1. Starch(Only Plants) 2. Glycogen(Only Animals) |
| Starch | Starch is 1000's of glucose bonded together. Stored by plants, polymer of glucose monomers. Ex: store in roots, stems, and grains |
| Glycogen | Storage form for animals. Homeostasis of blood sugar controlled by the hormones insulin and glucagon in a negative feedback. Ex: stored in liver and muscle cells |
| Structural Polysaccharides | 1. Cellulose(Only Plants) 2. Chitin(Only Arthropods and Fungi) |
| Cellulose | Major component of plants cell wall. Animals can't digest this molecule. It is called fiber, you need 25 grams of fiber a day. Polymer of glucose monomer |
| Chitin | Found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of fungi. Helps arthropods form exoskeletons. Ex: insects, crabs, bugs, lobsters |
| Lipids: CHOP | All Lipid are molecules that are Hydrophobic, Nonpolar, and Insoluble. Some lipids are Triglycerides(Fats and Oils), Phospholipids, and Steroids |
| Triglycerides(Fats and Oils) | Components: 1 glycerol(ol = hydroxyl) + 3 fatty acids(acid = carboxyl) |
| Glycerol | 3 carbon alcohol. Functions as long term storage of energy |
| Fatty Acid | Long hydrocarbon chain(16-18 carbons) with a carboxyl(acid) functional group on the end |
| Saturated Fatty Acid | No double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acid | Has one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain |
| Solid Oils | Saturated fatty acid which can give you heart disease. Flexible because of single bonds. Produced mainly by animals. Glycerol. Ex: butter, lard |
| Liquid Oils | Unsaturated fatty acid which is healthy. Inflexible because of double bonds. Produced by plants. Glycerol. Ex: vegetable, peanut and canola oil |
| Phospholipids | One of the fatty acids is substituted for a phosphate functional group which is hydrophilic. Phospholipids have two hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head. Form the bilayer in cell membranes. |
| Steroids | Have carbon skeleton that consists of 4-5 fused rings. Ex: cholesterol(only animal product) |
| Cholesterol | A steroid that has an important function in cell membranes. Animals produce this in their bodies. Found between the phospholipids in cell membrane bilayer. Is used in the body to make sex hormones such as testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen |
| Protein: CHONS | A biological functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific 3D shapes. Out of all macromolecules, they have most functions, are most complex and most diverse. |
| Amino Acids | Monomers of proteins(20 different amino acids). have 5 key components... 1. Alpha Carbon 2. Hydrogen Atom 3. Amino Group 4. Carboxyl Group 5. Side Chain - R group... The side chain(R group) is the reason for there being 20 different amino acids |
| Peptide Bond | The bond between two amino acids by dehydration synthesis |
| Dipeptide | Dimer of proteins. Two amino acids bonded together by dehydration synthesis to form a peptide bond. |
| Polypeptide | A sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. Polymer of proteins |
| Levels of Protein Structure | 1. Primary Level(Structure) 2. Secondary Level(Structure) 3. Tertiary Level(Structure) 4. Quaternary Level(Structure) |
| Primary Level | Linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence. The genetic information in the DNA determines this sequence****Held together by Peptide Bonds |
| Secondary Level | The segments of a polypeptide chain are repeatedly coiled or folded in patterns that contribute to the protein's overall shape****Stabilized by Hydrogen Bonds. Two specific shapes are the Alpha Helix and Beta Pleated Sheet |
| Alpha Helix | Coiled segment of polypeptide |
| Beta Pleated Helix | Two of more strands of the polypeptide lying side by side, connected by hydrogen bonds |
| Tertiary Level(Globular Proteins)(Highly Folded 3-D Protein)(Ex: Myglobin) | The overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains(R groups) of the various amino acids****Stabilized by R Group Interactions, in the case of two cysteine amino acids, they are stabilized by Disulfide Cross Bridges |
| Types of R Group Interactions | 1. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic interaction 2. Hydrogen bonding and R groups 3. van der Waals interactions 4. Disulfide cross-bridges between two cysteinne amino acids containing the sulfhydryl functional group |
| Quaternary Level(Stabilized by the same forces as the secondary and tertiary levels)(Ex: hemoglobin and collagen) | Overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of the polypeptides held together by H bonds and R group interactions. More than one polypeptide chain assembled together as a functional protein***Stabilized by H bonds and R group interactions |
| Denaturation | Loss of 3-D shape, due to various factors. Protein will be misshapen and become inactive. |
| Factors That Contribute to Denaturation | Anything that can Weaken or Break the R group Interactions.. 1. Temperature(like high fever) 2. pH 3. Salt concentration 4. Toxins/Poisons |
| Nucleic Acids: CHONP | Genetic Molecules. Polymers(polynucleotides) made of monomers called nucleotides. Ex: DNA and RNA |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid(Double helix). Polynucleotide |
| RNA | Ribonucleic Acid(Single stranded). Polynucleotide |
| Nucleotide | Building blocks(monomers) of nucleic acids. Consist of the 3 parts... 1. Nitrogenous Base 2. Pentose Sugar 3. Phosphate Group |
| Nitrogenous Base | 1. Purine(Double ringed) A. Adenine(A, Found in both DNA and RNA) B. Guanine(G, Found in both DNA and RNA) 2. Pyrimidine(Single ringed) A. Cytosine(C, Found in both DNA and RNA) B. Thymine(T, Found only in DNA) C. Uracil(U, Found only in RNA) |
| Pentose Sugar | 1. Deoxyribose(found only in DNA, has one less oxygen atom) 2. Ribose(found only in RNA) |
| Phosphate Group | Carries the negative charge |
| Phosphodiester Linkage | Bonds between adjacent sugars on neighboring nucleotides. Occurs between the 3' Prime Carbon of one nucleotide to the 5' Prime carbon of the nucleotide immediately below it |
| Sugar and Phosphate Backbone | Runs antiparallel in the DNA molecule. 5'--------3' 3'--------5' |
| Hydrogen Bonding Between base Pairs | A-T.. C-G.. T-A.. G-C.. |
| Purine | Double ringed. Adenine and guanine belong to this family |
| Primidine | Single ringed. Thymine, cytosine, and uracil belong to this family |
| Nitrogenous Base Found Only In DNA | Thymine |
| Nitrogenous Base Found Only in RNA | Uracil |
Created by:
TimBiology1
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