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OAT Bio
Chapter 9 - Muscles and Locomotion
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Musculoskeletal System | basic internal framework of vertebrate body; voluntary movement |
| Skeletal System | provides physical support and locomotion |
| Muscular System | generates force |
| Unicellular Locomotion | Protozoans use flagella or cilia (both have many microtubules) |
| Flagella | movement by power stroke |
| Recovery Stroke | flagellum to its original position |
| Power Stroke | thrusting generated by sliding action of microtubules |
| Locomotion for Amoeba | they use extended pseudopodia for locomotion |
| Flatworms | muscles have two layers: longitudinal and circular; compression of circular layer = lengthens the animal; contraction of longitudinal layer shortens animal |
| Flatworms hydrostatic skeleton | Incompressible Fluid w/n animal's tissues |
| Exoskeleton | hard skeleton that covers all muscles and organs of arthropods; made of chitin |
| Molting | shedding of exoskeleton to permit body growth in arthropods |
| Endoskeleton | framework within all vertebrate organisms; muscles attach to bone and bones provide protection to organs |
| Cartilage | type of connective tissue softer and more flexible than bone; in places where firmness and flexibility is needed |
| Bone | mineralized connective tissue that can withstand stress; two types- compact and spongy |
| Compact Bone | dense bone with no cavities; bony matrix in osteons (Haversian Systems); each osteon has a Haversian Canal surrounded by lamellae (calcium phosphate) |
| Spongy | less dense bone with trabeculae (lattice of bony spicules); has cavities filled with yellow or red bone marrow |
| Yellow Bone Marrow | inactive and infiltrated by adipose tissue |
| Red Bone Marrow | involved in blood cell formation |
| Osteoblasts | cells that build bone |
| Osteoclasts | destroy bone (bone resorption) |
| Endochondral Ossification | when existing cartilage is replaced by bone; long bones are formed this way |
| Intramembranous Ossification | mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue is made into bone |
| Axial Skeleton | skull, vertebral column, rib cage; basic framework |
| Appendicular Skeleton | bones of the appendages and the pectoral and pelvic girdles; attaches to axial |
| Sutures | immovable joints that hold bones of skull together |
| Movable Joints | they hold bones tht more relative to one another together |
| Ligaments | support and strengthen movable joints; bone-to-bone connectors |
| Tendons | attach skeletal muscle to bones and bend skeleton at movable joints |
| Origin | where muscle attaches to stationary bone (proximal) |
| Insertion | where muscle attaches to movable bone (distal) |
| Extension | straightening of a joint |
| Flexion | bending of a joint |
| Muscle | bundles of contractile fibers held together by connective tissue |
| 3 types of muscle | smooth, skeletal, cardiac |
| Skeletal Muscle | striated muscle responsible for voluntary movements; has myofibirls, sacromeres |
| Myofibrils | embedded in skeletal fibers |
| Sacromeres | contractile units inside of myofibrils; thin and thick filaments |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | modified ER that surrounds myofibrils |
| Transverse Tubules | T system that provides channels for ions to flow through; action potential; connected to sarcolemma |
| Actin | thin sacromere filaments |
| Myosin | thick sacromere filaments |
| Z Lines | define boundaries of a single sacromere |
| M line | runs down the center of sacromere |
| I Band | thin filaments only |
| H Zone | thick filaments only |
| A Band | spans over length of thick filaments and overlapping thin filaments |
| Neuromuscular Junction | link between the nerve terminal and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber |
| Muscle Contraction | Depolarization of motor neuron--release of neurotransmitter--neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on sarcolemma--action potential along sarcolemma and T system into muscle fiber--SR releases calcium ions--contract |
| Tropomyosin | calcium ions bind to this which causes actin and myosin filaments to slide past each other causing contraction |
| Simple Twitch | response of a single muscle fiber to a stimulus at the threshold; has latent, contraction and relaxation periods |
| Latent Period (simple twitch) | time btwn stimulation and contraction where action potential in sarcolemma causes release of Ca+ ions |
| Relaxation Period (simple twitch) | muscle in unresponsive to a stimulus; absolute refractory period |
| Temporal Summation | muscle fibers are exposed to stimulus consistently, contractions become stronger and more prolonged and muscle cannot fully relax; leads to tetanus |
| Tetanus | when stimuli are so frequent tht muscle cannot relax at all |
| Tonus | partial contraction |
| Smooth Muscle | responsible for involuntary movements; innervated by autonomic nervous system; no striations |
| Cardiac Muscle | muscle tissue of the heart; both skeletal and smooth muscle characteristics--actin and myosin filaments in sacromeres but controlled by autonomic NS |
| Creatine Phosphate | high E compounds where E is stored for muscles |
| Myoglobin | protein in muscles that maintains O2 supply and the O2 can be used to make ATP via cellular respiration |
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JaeBae4444
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