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Science Final Exam
study stack for Science final exam 2014
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pathogen | a disease causing agent |
| Pathogenic Bacteria | bacteria that can cause disease |
| Yersinia Pestis | (Bubonic plague)disease killing millions |
| Pathogenic Virus | Yellow fever- Baltimore and Philadelphia |
| Nitrogen Fixation | the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by living organisms |
| Decomposition | the process of breaking down dead or dying organisms |
| Bioremediation | some bacteria eat pollutants |
| Medicines | antibodies/ antibiotics: some bacteria make chemicals that are good at killing other types of bacteria Dictionary. |
| Food | breads, cheese, pickles, yogurt all have bacteria |
| Host Specific | They only attach one important cell (cold virus--respiratory cells) |
| Virus | a microscopic particle that invades living cells |
| Antibodies | specialized cells that destroy the virus if white blood cells do not. |
| Interferon | interferes with the way viruses reproduce: causes a small change in the host cells membranes |
| Vaccines | a medicine produced from a weakened virus |
| Nitrogen gas | 78% |
| oxygen gas | 21% |
| trace gases | 1% |
| Interphase | The period during the cell cycle of a cells growth and development |
| Mitosis | The process in which a cell makes two identical daughter cells |
| Cell | The simplest unit of life |
| Tissues | a group of cells working together to do a certain job |
| Organs | a group of tissues working together to do a certain job |
| Organ systems | a group of organs working together to do a certain job |
| Organism | a group of organ systems working together to do a certain job |
| Gametes | reproductive cell, as a sperm or egg, that unites with another cell to form a new organism |
| Diploid Cells | cells that have pairs of chromosomes |
| Haploid Cells | a pair of cells that have only one chromosome from each pair |
| Sexual reproduction | a type of reproduction in which the genetic material of two different cells combine |
| Asexual Reproduction | one parent organism produces offspring without meiosis or fertilization |
| Fission | cell division in prokaryotes in which a cell forms two genetically identical cells |
| Budding | a new organism grows by mitosis and cells division on the body of its parent |
| Regeneration | when an offspring grows from a piece of its parent |
| Cloning | when identical cells are produced from a multicellular organism; this happens in the lab |
| Heredity | the passing on of traits from parent to offspring |
| Allele | an alternate form of a gene |
| Genotype | the pair of alleles for a given trait |
| Phenotype | the appearance of the trait |
| Punnet Square | shows all the possible genetic combinations in the offspring |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid | distinguishes a species from every other; every living organism has it |
| Gene | a segment of bases along one side of DNA that carries the code for making a specific protein |
| Ribonucleic Acid | Messenger RNA;Transfer RNA |
| Transcription | the gene is copied; mRNA copies the gene, codon by codon, and takes the copied gene to the ribosome |
| Translation | the gene is read, or translate, and made; At the ribosome; tRNA reads the message, codon by codon, and brings over the correct amino acid |
| Mutation | a change in the original sequence of DNA bases in a gene; a change in a gene |
| Insertion | an extra base is added |
| Deletion | a base is removed |
| Substitution | one base is replaced by another |
| Pedigrees | a visual representation of a family tree |
| Incomplete dominance | a pattern of heredity in which neither allele is dominant and there are three possible phenotypes |
| Codominance | a pattern of heredity in which some alleles share dominance |
| Polygenic Inheritance | a pattern of heredity when there are multiple genes and several phenotypes are possible |
| Sex-Linked Inheritance | when the gene for a specific trait or disorder is located on a sex chromosome |
| Evolution | when a species change over time |
| Fossils | the solid remains or imprints of once living organisms |
| Fossil Record | made up of all the fossils ever discovered on Earth; a historical sequence of life on our planet |
| Embryology | the science of the development of embryos from fertilization to birth |
| Vestigial Structures | body parts that have lost their original function through evolution |
| Adaptation | Any trait or characteristic that helps an organism survive |
| Species | a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another and produce viable offspring |
| Over Reproduction | a population of organisms that produces a large number of offspring |
| Struggle To Survive | within the population there is selective pressure |
| Genetic Variation | within the population there are slight differences (color, size, etc) |
| Successful Reproduction | those organisms with the favorable traits survive, reproduce, and pass on these favorable traits to the next generation |
| Selective pressure | anything that may affect the survival of an organism |
| Cell Cycle | the cycle of growth, development, and division cells go through |
| G1 | a cell grows and carries out its normal function |
| G2 | the cell continues to grow and it begins to grow and it begins to store energy fit for mitosis |
| S | the cell continues to grow and copies its DNA |
| Chromosome | Coiled up DNA |
| Sister Chromatids | doubled or copied chromosomes |
| Prophase | the nuclear membrane disappears, the centrioles pull apart, and spindle fibers form between centrioles |
| Metaphase | centrioles are at each end of the cell, spindle fibers have stretched all the way across the cell, and chromosomes have lined up in the middle of the cell. |
| Anaphase | chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell |
| Telophase | cell membrane pinches in and the nuclear membrane reforms |
| Cytokinesis | the cytoplasm splits in two and each new nucleus has 4 chromosomes |
| Dominant Trait | the trait that will always appear if one dominant gene is present |
| Recessive Trait | the trait that his hidden by the dominant gene |
| Codon | three bases that make an amino acid |
| Evidence of Evolution | Species change over time |
| Air borne | the protein coat can "survive" in the air |
| Lytic Cycle | Attachment, entry, replication, assembly, release |
| Binary Fission | the method by which bacteria reproduce. The circular DNA molecule is replicated; then the cell splits into two identical cells, each containing and exact copy of the original DNA |
| Conjugation | DNA is transferred between cells |
Created by:
aumartin
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