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LD BIO REGULATION
LD BIO REGULATION QUIZ
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| REGULATION | The coordination and control of life activities. (ex) When your body is cold it responds by shivering. This coordination within your body involves several systems to achieve homeostasis. These responses must be controlled by direction and amount. |
| STIMULUS | A change in the environment. - Can be physical or chemical - May originate internally or externally (ex) Changes in temp, pressure, light, sound & chemical environment |
| RESPONSE | The action or movement resulting form a stimulus - Contraction of muscles - Secretion of a gland - Stimulation of another nerve fiber |
| NERVE IMPULSE | An electrical signal that passes along a nerve fiber. |
| RECEPTOR | A specialized nerve tissue that is sensitive to a specific stimulus. |
| EFFECTORS | The parts of the body (muscles or glands) that respond |
| NEURON | Or nerve cell is the basic unit of the nervous system. They are microscopic. |
| CELL BODY | (CYTON) Contains the nucleus & cell organelles. Metabolic activities take place here which control growth of the nerve cell. |
| DENDRITES | Are highly branched fibers that receive impulses. They conduct impulses toward the cell body or cyton. |
| AXON | Is a long thin fiber that extends from the cyton. Axons usually carry impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or to effectors. |
| SCHWANN CELLS | Produce a fatty white substance called myelin which covers the axon. Thus called myelinated. Myelin insulates the axon. |
| MULTIPEL SCLEROSIS | Destruction of large patches of myelin. Small hardened scars appear throughout the myelin sheath & interfere with transmission of impulses. Symptoms involve double vision, muscular weakness, loss of memory, & paralysis. |
| NODES OR RANVIER | Gaps between Schwann cells |
| TERMINAL BRANCH | Where the axon branches off. Each branch touches another cell. |
| SYNAPSE | Is a microscopic space between the terminal branch and the dendrites of another cell. |
| NERVES | Bundles of axons & dendrites from many neurons, covered in connective tissue. They can be seen as a thin white string. |
| THREE TYPES OF NEURONS | Sensory, Inter, & Motor |
| SENSORY NEURON | Carry impulses from receptors to spinal cord & brain |
| INTER-NEURONS | Relay impulses from one neuron to another in the brain & spinal cord |
| MOTOR NEURON | Carry impulses from the brain & spinal cord to effectors (muscles or glands) |
| REFLEX | Does not go to the brain. Only goes to the spinal cord & back to an effector, thus very quick response |
| RESTING NEURON | Has a net + charge outside & a net - charge inside. "polarized" due to the difference in [ions}. Not transmitting an impulse |
| K+(IONS) | move freely by diffusion across semi-permeable membrane. |
| NA+ | move by active transport |
| IONS | move also by the sodium-potassium pump. |
| ACTION POTENTIAL | The sudden reversal of voltage across the neuron membrane. The place where the impulse started suddenly increases the permeability of the NA+s. Inside becomes + or "depolarized" |
| REFRACTORY PERIOD | Brief period the nerve cell membrane cannot be stimulated to carry impulses. Only lasts a few 1000ths of a sec. Once over, it is ready to carry impulses again. |
| FACTORS FOR RATE OF IMPULSE CONDUCTION | - Size of nerve fiber - Whether or not nerve fiver has myelin covering. |
| SALTATORY CONDUCTION | Impulses jump from one node of Ranvier to the next myelin prevents flow of ions, depolarization only occurs at the nodes (fast & uses less energy). No myelin travels slow 2 meters/second |
| STRENGTH OF A STIMULUS | In order for a stimulus to be started , the stimulus must have a certain minimum strength. Each nerve cell has a minimum level of sensitivity or threshold. All or non response (either the impulse started or it does not) |
| CHEMICAL PROCESS | Transmission of the impulse at the synapse |
| NEUROTRANSMITTER | Found within synaptic knobs, small sacs, synaptic vesicles, that contain special chemicals. These chemicals diffuse across the synaptic gap & bind with a specific protein receptor on the dendrite. |
| ACETYL | Secreted by the adrenal gland. Shows how the nervous system & the endocrine system interrlate. |
| AMEBA | Lack specialized structures for sensory reception. It responds to small food particles with feeding behavior. |
| IRRITABILITY | A basic property of the protoplasm. Responds to certain chemicals & other stimuli by withdrawing. |
| PARAMECIUM | When they bump into another object, they reverse the direction that their cilia beat. Also, move away from intense light & irritating chemicals. |
| HYDRA | Consist of a network of neurons called a nerve net. The net lies between the endoderm & ectoderm. Both layers have receptors which spread impulses gradually throughout the body. Behavior is limited to feeding & defensive contractive responses. |
| NEMATOCYSTS | Found in the Hydra. Stinging cells which release a paralyzing chemical when hit be water flea. The prey (flea) releases glutathione which initiates the hydra's feeding reflex. |
| EARTHWORM | Central Nervous System (brain & ventral nerve cord) & Peripheral Nervous System (branching nerves from the CNS to the rest of the body) |
| GANGLION | A singular group of neurons receive sensory impulses form the skin & relay them to muscles of that segment. Small brain coordinates contractions & relaxations of muscles that move the setae. Muscle cells in 1 segment stimulate receptors in the next. |
| GRASSHOPPER | Have a similar but more complex nervous system than the earthworm. - Has 2 ventral nerve cords - Ventral ganglia control segments - Larger brain & more complex sense organs |
| SENSE ORGANS | - Simple & compound eyes - Tympanum - membrane covered used for hearing - Antennae for touch and smell |
| EXTERNAL RECEPTOR | Sense organs such as ears, eyes, nose, tongue and skin |
| INTERNAL RECEPTOR | located in organs allow detection of hunger, thirst, muscle position and CO2. |
| SPINAL CORD | Mass of nerve cells extending from brain stem down through center of vertebral column (back bone) which relays messages to the brain and is the center for reflexes. |
| BRAIN | Major organ of the nervous system protected by cranium or skull, membranes that surround the brain called meninges, and cerebral spinal fluid which cushions the brain from mechanical shock. |
| CEREBRUM | Largest part, center of thinking, memory, emotions, sensory impulse interpretation, & voluntary activity (you control it) |
| CEREBELLUM | responsible for coordination of muscles and balance. |
| MEDULLA | Responsible for involuntary activity (happens automatically) such as respiration, heartbeat, breathing, coughing, vomiting, & peristalsis. Also known as brain stem. |
| LEFT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE | Controls right side of the body |
| RIGHT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE | Controls left side of the body |
| LEFT HEMISPHERE | Controls mathematical thinking |
| RIGHT HEMISPHERE | Controls center for artistic & musical ability |
| MENINGITIS | Inflammation caused by bacteria of the membranes surrounding the brain & spinal cord. |
| CEREBRAL PALSY | Damage to motor areas of the brain causes paralysis & difficulty in coordinating voluntary muscles |
| STROKE | Part of brain's blood supply is cut off causing damage to brain cells. Could be caused by bursting of blood vessel or blood clot. |
| POLIO | Virus that affects the CNS can cause paralysis. Could affect breathing (life threatening), but can be prevented by vaccine or immunization. |
| SALK VACCINE | Dead virus injected |
| SABIN VACCINE | Weakened virus - sugar cube |
| FEEDBACK MECHANISM | Chemical messengers tells the brain glucose levels are under control and we can stop producing insulin. (i.e.) Low glucose levels in the blood. |
Created by:
desilva13
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