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OAT Bio
Chapter 7 - Nervous System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Neuron | functional unit of nervous system; converts stimuli to electrochemical signals |
| Protozoan Nervous System | no organized nervous system |
| Cnidarian Nervous System | simple nervous system called nerve net |
| Annelida NS | primitive central nervous system with defined ventral nerve cord |
| Arthropoda NS | brains similar to annelida but more specialized sense organs |
| Neuron (structure) | dendrites, cell body, axon |
| Dendrites | extensions of cell body that receive info and transmit it towards cell |
| Cell Body | part of neuron with nucleus; controls metabolic activity |
| Axon | long process that transmits impulses (action potentials) away from cell body; covered with myelin for faster transmitting |
| Impulses/Action Potentials | cause the release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft |
| Resting Potential | neuron at rest; inside of cell is more negative cuz of sodium-potassium pump; more K+ (2 for every 3 Na+) inside cell cuz neuron is selectively permeable to K+ |
| Polarized | more negative |
| Depolarized | less negative |
| Action Potential | depolarized nueron cuz Na+ channels open allowing many sodium ions into the cell |
| Repolarization | when K+ channels open and restore the negativity inside cell |
| Hyperpolarization | when the inside of cell becomes more negative than before the impulse |
| Refractory Period | time after an action potential where Na+ channels recover and another action potential is impossible |
| All or None Response | either action potential fires or it doesn't |
| Impulse Propagation | action potentials occur from dendrite to synaptic terminal; synapses occur in one direction only |
| Synapse | gap btwn presynaptic neuron (synaptic terminal) of one neuron and the dendrites of another (postsynaptic) |
| Effector Cells | cells in muscles or glands that neurons can communicate with too |
| Neurotransmitter | chemical messenger that can lead to depolarization of postsynaptic cells; can be removed by: degradation by enzymes or reused by uptake carriers |
| Paralysis | what happens when acetylcholine receptors are blocked or if acetylcholine is prevented from being released from presynaptic neuron |
| No coordinated muscular contractions | what happens if acetylcholine is never degraded and continues to affect postsynaptic cell |
| Afferent Neurons | neurons that carry sensory info from environment to CNS |
| Efferent Nuerons | neurons that send motor commands from CNS to body |
| Interneurons | neurons that link motor and sensory neurons |
| Plexus | network of nerve fibers |
| Ganglia | cluster of neuronal cell bodies in PNS |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | consists of brain and spinal cord |
| Brain | interprets sensory info, forms motor plans, and cognitive function; outer portion is gray matter, inner portion is white matter |
| Gray Matter | cell bodies |
| White Matter | myelinated axons |
| Forebrain | has telencephalon (cerebral cortex) and diencephalon (Hypothalamus and thalamus) |
| Cerebral Cortex | gray matter that integrates sensory input, motor response, memory, and creative thought |
| Olfactory Bulb | in forebrain; integrates odor input |
| Hypothalamus | controls hunger, thirst, sex drive, bp, temp regulation, endocrine system (feedback mechanisms) |
| Thalamus | integration center for spinal cord and cerebral cortex |
| Midbrain | plays important role in motor control and is center for auditory and visual impulses |
| Hindbrain | posterior part of brain with cerebellum, pons, medulla |
| Cerebellum | helps modulate motor impulses by cerebral cortex, balance, coordination, timing of rapid movements |
| pons | center that allows communication btwn cortex and cerebellum |
| Medulla Oblongata | controls breathing, heart rate, stomach activity |
| Brainstem | midbrain, pons, medulla |
| Spinal Cord | extension of brain that acts as conduit for sensory info to brain and motor info from brain; inner grey matter and outer white matter |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | consists of nerves and ganglia; somatic vs autonomic systems |
| Somatic NS | innervates skeletal muscles; responsible for voluntary movement |
| Autonomic NS | involuntary; regulates internal environment like bp, stomach activity, excretory, respiration, reproduction; innervates cardiac and smooth muscles; contains sympathetic and parasympathetic NS |
| Sympathetic NS | responsible for fight or flight responses; gets body ready for action; increases bp, heart rate, blood flow, gas exchange; uses norepinephrine |
| Parasympathetic NS | responsible for conserving E and restoring body to resting activity (rest and digest); increases gut motility |
| Vagus Nerve | important parasympathetic nerve that innervates thoracic and abdominal viscera with acetylcholine |
| Eye | detects light E as photons and transmits info about intensity, color, and shape to brain |
| Sclera | thick, opaque layer covering eyeball |
| Choroid Layer | beneath sclera and helps supply retina with blood |
| Retina | innermost layer of eye that contains photoreceptors |
| Cornea | transparent; at front of eye; bends and focuses light |
| Pupil | opening through which light travels |
| Iris | controls the diameter of pupil; is pigmented and muscular |
| Lens | behind pupil; focuses image onto retina; controlled by ciliary muscles |
| photoreceptors | transduce light to action potentials |
| Cones | respond to high intensity light; sensitive to color (absorbs red blue and green) |
| Rods | detect low intensity light; important for night vision |
| Rhodopsin | rod pigment that absorbs a single wavelength |
| Optic Nerves | bundle of axons of ganglion cells that conduct visual info to brain |
| Blind Spot | when optic nerve exits the eye; no photoreceptors |
| Fovea | area of retina with hella cones |
| Vitreous Humor | jellylike material that helps the eye's shape and optical properties |
| Aqueous Humor | formed by the eye and exits through ducts to join venous blood |
| Myopia (nearsightedness) | image is focused in front of retina; can see near well |
| Hyperopia (farsightedness) | image is focused behind retina; can see far well |
| Astigmatism | caused by irregularly shaped cornea |
| Cataracts | lens becomes opaque; light can't enter eye and blindness is ultimate result |
| Glaucoma | increase of pressure in eye due to blocking of outflow of aqueous humor |
| Ear | transduces sound E aka pressure waves into impulses perceived by brain as sound |
| Outer Ear | auricle and auditory canal |
| Middle Ear | tympanic membrane (ear drum) and ossicles |
| Ossicles | malleus, incus, stapes; amplifies the stimulus and transmit it through oval window |
| Inner Ear | cochlea and vestibular apparatus (maintains equilibrium) |
| How Sound Travels | outer ear to ear drum then vibrates the ossicles which exerts pressure on fluid in cochlea, stimulating hair cells in basilar membrane to transduce pressure to action potentials to auditory nerve to brain |
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