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OAT Bio
Chapter 6 - Endocrinology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Endocrine System | has glands that secrete hormones directly into circulatory system |
| hormones | chemical substances (2 types) |
| Peptide Hormones | act as first messengers; bind to extracellular surface receptors and cause conversion of ATP to cAMP which leads to cascade effect; fast acting and short lived |
| cAMP/Cyclic AMP | Second messenger that initiates cascade effect |
| Steroid Hormones | lipid-derived, ring structure; since lipid soluble, can go right into cell and bind to intracellular receptors and effect the expression of genes |
| Endocrine glands | adrenal, pituitary, hypothalamus,thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, gonads, pineal, kidneys, gastrointestinal, thymus, heart |
| Adrenal Glands | glands that sit on top of kidneys and consist of cortex and medulla |
| Adrenal Cortex | this is stimulated in response to stress by ACTH and it secretes corticosteroids (3 types) |
| Glucocorticoids | steroid hormones involved in glucose regulation and protein metabolism; they break down proteins to increase blood glucose levels (cortisol, cortisone) |
| Mineralocorticoids | regulate plasma levels of sodium,potassium, and water volume |
| Aldosterone | mineralocorticoid that causes reabsorption of sodium and water to rise blood volume and bp, leads to hypertension |
| Nephron | functional unit of the kidney |
| Androgens | male sex hormones secreted by adrenal cortex |
| Adrenal Medulla | produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (nonadrenaline) |
| Epinephrine | type of catecholamine hormone that turns glycogen to glucose in liver and muscle tissue, increasing heart beat (fight or flight response); increases blood to muscles, brain etc and decreases blood to kidneys and digestive tract |
| ACTH | hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that is in control of the release of adrenal cortical hormones |
| Pituitary gland | small gland lying at base of brain; two parts (anterior and posterior) |
| Anterior Pituitary | synthesizes direct hormones and tropic hormones; secretions regulated by hypothalamic secretions; hormones = FLAT PEG |
| Direct Hormones of Anterior Pituitary | PEG; Growth Hormone (bone and muscle growth), prolactin (milk production in mammary glands), endorphins (pain reliever) |
| Acromegaly | disorder in GH that causes overgrowth of bone |
| Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary | FLAT; FSH (maturation of ovarian follicles), LH (formation of corpus luteum), ACTH (adrenal cortex), TSH (thyroid gland) |
| Posterior Pituitary | stores and releases oxytocin and ADH which are produced by hypothalamus |
| Oxytocin | hormone secreted during childbirth that increases strength and frequency of uterine contractions; positive feedback |
| ADH | increases permeability of collecting duct in nephron to water so water is reabsorbed and blood volume increases |
| Hypothalamus |
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