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Biology Chapter 2
Chemistry of Life
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that takes up space(volume) and has mass |
| Mass | Quantity of matter |
| Element | Pure substance made up of only one type of atom. Cannot be broken down by normal chemical reactions. |
| Most Important Elements | CHNOPS 1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Nitrogen 4. Oxygen 5. Phosphorous 6. Sulfur..... these elements make up 99% of all wet weight (mass) of living cells |
| Trace Elements | Elements that are required by the organism in small quantities. ex: Mg, Ca, Fe, K |
| Atom | Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element..... P+N located in Nucleus..... E located in Electron Cloud..... |
| Subatomic Particles | Parts of atoms... 1. Proton 2. Neutron 3. Electron |
| Proton | Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom |
| Neutron | Neutral(no charge) particle found in the nucleus of an atom |
| Electron | Negatively charged particle found in the electron cloud of an atom |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons(P) in an atom(will equal the number of electrons(E) if the atom has not bonded). |
| Atomic Mass Number | The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom. P+N |
| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons, but differ in the number of neutrons. |
| Radioisotopes | Unstable isotopes that emit radiation |
| Electron Shell | Fixed levels of the potential energy of electrons |
| Orbital | The approximate pathway(in 3D space) where an electron is 90% of the time. Has specific shapes. Rule: Each orbital can only be occupied by 2 electrons. |
| Electron Configuration | The distribution of electrons in the atom's electron shells |
| Electron Configuration Chart | <>Energy Level 1, # of Orbitals = 1, # of Electrons = 2 <> Energy Level 2, # of Orbitals = 4, # of Electrons = 8 <> Energy Level 3, # of Orbitals = 4, # of Electrons = 8 |
| Valence Electrons | Electrons in the outermost energy shell of an atom |
| Octet | Having a full valence electron count of 8 |
| Inert | Chemically stable, do not react with other atoms |
| Noble Gases | Inert, because of full valence electrons |
| Electronegativity (EN) | The attraction of a particular atom for electrons or the measure of attractiveness that an atom has for electrons |
| Chemical Bonds | Interaction between 2 or more atoms in which electrons are transferred or shared |
| Ionic Bonding | Results in a transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom. Results in the formation of ions. Weak bond |
| Ions | Negatively or positively charged atoms due to the number of electrons not equal to the number of protons.......... A -> B (creates)---------> (ions)A+ and B- |
| Cation | Positively charged atoms, due to the loss of electron(s) |
| Anion | Negatively charged ions, due to the gain of electrons |
| Oxidation | Loss of electrons, which results in a cation(positively charged ion) |
| Reduction | Gain of electrons, which results in a anion(negatively charged ion) |
| Ionic Bond | Attraction between cation and anions. Forms Ionic Compounds |
| Covalent Bonding | Results from the sharing of electrons between 2 or more atoms. Forms molecules. Strong bond |
| Single Bonds | One pair of shared electrons |
| Double Bonds | Two pairs of shared electrons |
| Triple Bonds | Three pairs of shared electrons |
| Non-Polar Covalent Bonds | Electrons are shared equally because of same or similar electronegativity. Strong bond (share equally) A <-> B --> Forms --> A-B(Molecule)(- = Covalent Bond)(No charge or partial charge) |
| Polar Covalent Bonds | Electrons are shared unequally because of differences in electronegativity. Forms poles. Strong bond........ (share electrons unequally) A(&-)(Pole)(Low EN) <->> B(&+)(Pole)(High EN) |
| Poles | Are areas of partial charge in a molecule. A(&+) - B(&-) ---- A(&+) - B(&-) (---- = intermolecular attraction)("Sticky", "Velcro") |
| Hydrogen Bond | An attraction between a hydrogen atom carrying a partial positive charge and a nearby electronegative atom of a different molecule which has a partial negative charge. Weakest bond. A(&-) - H(&+) ---- A(&-) - H(&+) (---- = H-Bond) |
| Law of Conservation of Matter | Matter cannot be created or destroyed |
| Van Der Waals Interactions | Weak bonds that only occur when atoms and molecules are very close together. Allows them to stick together. |
| Chemical Reactions | The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter. (reactants)A + B (forward reaction)--------> (forms)New Product |
| Reactants | The starting substances in a chemical reaction |
| Products | The substances produced in a chemical reaction |
| Chemical Equilibrium | The forward and reverse rates of the chemical reaction are equal. Is dynamic - reactions are still going on. |
Created by:
TimBiology1
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