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Lab Values
Nursing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Red Blood Cells (RBC's) Actual count of red corpucles | Normal male = 4.6 - 6.2 Normal female = 4.2 - 5.2 |
| Hemoglobin - HGB A direct measure of oxygen carrying capacity of the blood | Normal male = 14 - 18 g/dl Normal female = 12 - 16 g/dl |
| Mean Cell Volume MCV - indicates the size of the RBC | Normal male = 80 - 96 Normal female = 82 - 98 decrease may ID iron deficiency anemia & thalassemia increase may ID pernicious anemia & folic acid anemai |
| Mean Cell Hemoglobin per RBC MCH - indicates the weight of hemoglobin in RBC regardless of the size | Normal 27 - 33 increase ID folate deficiency decrease ID iron deficiency |
| Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration MCHC indicates the hemoglobin concentration per unit of RBC's | Normal 31 - 35 Decrease ID hypochromic anemia |
| Reticulocyte Count An indirect measure of RBC production | Normal 0.5 - 2.5% of RBC |
| Red Blood Cell Distribution Width RDW is the size width differences of RBC's Indicates variation in red cell volume | Normal 11 - 16% Increase ID iron deficiency anemia or mixed anemia Note: increase in RDW occurs earlier than decrease in MCV therefore RDW is used for early detection of iron deficiency anemia |
| Platelets | Normal 140,000 - 450,000 Low - worry patient will bleed High - not clinically significant |
| White Blood Cell (WBC) Leukocytes | Normal 4.5 - 10 or 4500 to 10,000 Newborn 9000 - 30,000 2 years 6000 - 17,000 10 years 4500 - 13,500 Increase called leukocytosis; occur during infections & physiologic stress Decrease called leukopenia; marrow suppression & chemotherapy |
| Neutrophils are the most circulating WBC & they respond more rapidly to the inflammatory & tissue sites than other types of WCB | Normal 2500 - 8000 |
| Lymphocytes | Normal 1000 - 4000 Increase occurs in chronic & viral infections Severe= chronic lymphocytic leukemia Decrease in # during excess adrenocortical hormone or steroid therapy |
| BUN serum Blood Urea Nitrogen To detect a renal disorder or dehydration associated with increased levels | Normal 5 - 25 Panic = > 100 |
| Creatinine To diagnose renal function | Normal 0.5 - 1.5 Decrease pregnancy & eclampsia Increase Acute & chronic renal failure shock lupus & more |
| Creatine clearance to detect renal dysfunction & to monitor renal function | Normal 85 - 135 |
| Total Protein & Albumin R/T Liver status | Total protein normal = 5.5 - 9.0 Albumin = 3.5 - 5.0 Low cause liver dysfunction S/SX peripheal edema ascites periorbital edema pulmonary edema |
| Potassium (K) regulated by renal function | Normal 3.5 - 5.0 hypokalemia less than 3.5 hyperkalemia greater than 5.0 (panic >6.0) note false K elevations are seen in hemolysis of samples |
| Urinalysis Specific Gravity | Normal 1.010 - 1.030 |
| Urine | normal should be clear yellow cloudy results from urates (acid) phopsphates (alkaline) or presence of RBC or WBC foam from protein or bile acids in urine |
| Urine & Meds | red orange - pyridium rifampin senna phenothiazines blue green - azo dyes elavil methylene blue clorets abuse brown black - cascara chloroquine senna iron salts flagyl sulfonoasmides & nitrofurantoin |
| pH | Normal 4.5 - 8 |
| Protein content in urine | Normal 0 - +1 or less than 150 mg/day Protein in urine ID of hemolysis high BP UTI fever renal tubular damage exercise CHF diabetic nephropathy preeclampsia of pregnancy multiple myeloma nephrosis lupus nephritis & others |
| Microscopic analysis of Urine | urine should be sterile ( no normal flora) few if any cells should be found significant bacteriuria is defined by an inital positive dipstick for leukocyte esterase or nitrites |
| Sodium (Na) major contributory to cell osmolality and in control of water balance | Normal 135 - 145 |
| Hypernatremia | > 145cause sodium overload Or volume depletion seen in impaired thirst inability to replace insensible losses renal or GI loss |
| Hyponatremia <135 | < 135 cause true depletion or dilutinal occurs in CHF diarrhea sweating thiazides S/SX agitation anorexia apathy disorientation lethargy muscle cramps & nausea |
| Calcium | Normal 8.5 - 10.8 |
| Hypocalcemia | <8.5 causes law serum proteins decreased intake calcitonin steroid loop diuretic high PO4 low Mg hypoparathyroidism renal failure vitamin D deficiency pancreatitis |
| Hypercalcemia | >10.8 cause malignancy or hyperparathyroidism excessive IV Ca salts supplements chronic immobilizaiton Paget disease sarcoidosis hyperthyroidism lithium androgens tamoxifen estrogen progesterone excessive vit D or thyroid hormone increased risk of dig to |
| Phosphate - PO4 | Normal 2.6 - 4.5 |
| Magnesium | Normal 1.5 - 2.2 Critical <0.5 or >3 primarily eliminated by the kidney |
| Hypomagnesemia | Less than 1.5 Cause excessive loss from GI tract (D&V) or kidneys (diuretics)- Alcoholism may lead to low levels |
| Hypermagnesemia | more than 2.2 cause- renal dysfunction, hepatitis & addison disese |
| Alkaline Phosphatese | normal - ranges vary widely - increase occurs in liver dysfunction group of enzymes found in the liver bones small intestines kidneys placenta & leukocytes ( most activity from bones & liver) |
| Aminotransferases ALT and AST | Normal ALT 3 - 30 AST 8 -38 ALT & AST are measure indicators of liver disease. Increased occurs after MI muscle diseases and hemolysis |
| Direct Bilirubin - Conjugated | Normal 0.1 - 0.3 mg/d increased associated with increase in other liver enzymes and reflect liver disease |
| Chloride | Normal 95 -105 reduced by metabolic alkalosis increased by metabolic or respiratory acidosis |
| Bicarbonate - HCO3 | Normal 22 - 26 the test represents bicarbonate - the base of the carbonice acid bicarbonate buffer system decrease- acidosis & increase alkalosis |
| pH | 7.35 - 7.45 increased alkaline decreased acid |
| PCO2 | Normal 35 - 34 increased acid decreased alkaline |
| PO2 | normal 80 -100 |
| O2 saturation | 96 - 100 |
| Metabolic Alkalosis | increased ph & PC02 & HC03 |
| Metabolic Acidosis | decreased pH & PC02 & HC03 |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | decreased pH & HC03 increased PC02 |
| Respiratory Acidosis | increase pH decrease PC02 & HC03 |
| Phosphate | Normal 3.0 - 4.5 |
| Chorionic villi biopsy - CVB | normal finding - normal fetal cells 3 - 11 or 2 -8 |
| Hemocrit - HCT | 36 - 45 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate - ESR Blood SED Rate | 0 - 20 |
| PTT | 20 - 45 seconds Max 112 seconds Therapeutic 1.5 - 2.5 |
| PT/INR Pro Time International Normalized Ratio | 10 - 45 seconds |
| Bilirubin | 0.1 - 1.0 |
| Digoxin | 0.5 - 2 toxic > 2.5 |
| Dilantin | 10 - 20 toxic > 30 |
| Theophylline | 10 - 20 toxic > 20 |
| Lithium | 0.5 - 1.2 |
| Tylenol | Toxic > 4000 mg/day |
| Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1C | 3 month review of Glucose |
| Glucose | Normal 70 -110 |
| Hyperglycemia | S/SX increase thirst, urination & hunger may progress to coma cause include diabetes |
| Hypoglycemia | S/SX sweating hunger anxiety trembling blurred vision weakness headache or altered mental status cause - fasting or insulin adminstration |
| Serum Osmolarity | 285 - 295 |
Created by:
hrhfal
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