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OAT Bio
Chapter 5 - Circulatory Systems and Immunology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| translocation | circulation in plants |
| stem | primary organ of transport in plants |
| vascular bundles | run up and down stem |
| fibrovascular bundle | at center of stem, contains xylem, phloem, and cambium cells |
| xylem | thick-walled cells inside vascular bundle that carry water and minerals up the plant; provides support; includes vessel cells and tracheids |
| Sapwood | outer layer of xylem |
| Transpiration Pull | As water evaporates from the leaves of plants, a vacuum is created that pulls water up the stem |
| Capillary Action | any liquid in a thin tube will rise due to the surface tension of the liquid and interactions btwn liquid and tube |
| Root Pressure | water entering the root hairs exerts a pressure that pushes water up stem |
| Phloem | thin walled cells on outside of vascular bundle that transports nutrients down the stem; includes sieve tube cells and companion cells |
| Cambium | undifferentiated cells btwn phloem and xylem that turn into either phloem or xylem |
| Order of Layer of root/stem | Epidermis (or bark), cortex, phloem, cambium, xylem, pith |
| Root | absorbs materials through root hairs and anchors the plant |
| Circulation in Protozoans | this invertebrate transports nutrients by simple diffusion within the cell |
| Circulation: Cnidarians | no specialized circulatory system for these invertebrates bcuz all cells are in contact with internal or external environment |
| Circulation: Arthropods | these invertebrates have open circulatory systems; blood in contact with body tissues; blood flows through dorsal vessel and into sinuses |
| Circulation: Annelids | closed circulatory system; blood is moved from dorsal vessel, 5 aortic loops, to ventral vessel |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells; from bone marrow; can bind to 4 O2 molecules; only live for 120 days |
| hemoglobin | in erythrocytes; binds to O2 and CO2 |
| Importance of CO2 in the body | reactant for bicarbonate buffering system; Rxn: CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> HCO3- + H+ |
| Human Circulatory System | Deoxygenated blood to right atrium by pulmonary vein, to right ventrical, to pulmonary arteries, to lungs to be oxygenated. Oxygenated blood goes to heart again by pulmonary vein to left atrium, left ventrical, to aorta to arteries to capillaries |
| Adult vs Fetus Circulation | Fetal: circulation bypasses the lungs cuz they arent fully developed so no blood to right ventricle |
| Foramen Ovale | hole btwn right and left atrium so no blood to right ventricle and to lungs |
| Ductus Arteriosus | connection btwn aorta and pulmonary atery so no blood enters lungs |
| Ductus Venosus | oxygenated blood from umbilical vein to inferior vena cava so blood can bypass liver and go str8 to fetus brain |
| Right side of heart | pumps deoxygenated blood to pulmonary circulation (lungs) |
| Left side of heart | pumps oxygenated blood to systemic circulation (body) |
| Arteries | transport blood away from heart |
| Veins | transport blood into heart |
| Capillaries | thin vessels across which nutrients, gases, and wastes diffuse |
| Artery-Vein-Capillary | Blood vessels in order from thickest to thinnest |
| Lymphatic system | sends lymph to cardiovascular system keeping fluid levels in body constant |
| lymph nodes | swellings with leukocytes that filter the lymph removing pathogens |
| plasma | liquid portion of blood |
| cellular components of blood | leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets |
| Leukocytes | white blood cells; phagocytize pathogens or mature to macrophages in tissues |
| Lymphocytes | involved in immune system; produces B cells (antibodies) or cytolysis of infected T cells |
| Platelets | cell fragments that are involved in clot formation during tissue injury |
| Blood Clotting Process | platelets come into contact with exposed collagen, they form platelet plug, release thromboplastin which activates thrombin from prothrombin, and thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin then clot formation |
| Humoral Immunity | responsible for production of antibodies after exposure to antigen |
| Antibodies/Immunoglobulins | come from B cells, proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens and trigger immune response |
| Active Immunity | production of antibodies during immune response (vaccination); takes weeks |
| Passive Immunity | transfer of antibodies from one person to another (mother breast feeding child); immediate but short-lived |
| Gamma Globulin | part of blood with hella antibodies |
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | immune defense using T cells to attack pathogens; macrophages, NK cells, and cytokines used; plays role in transplant rejection |
| Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms | Skin, mucus, macrophages, inflammatory response (histamine/fever) |
| Interferons | proteins that interfere with viral replication to help prevent spread of virus |
| Blood type AB | universal recipient; neither A or B antibodies |
| Blood type O | universal donor; has no surface antigens so wnt elicit an immune response |
| Rh Factor | antigen that may be on surface of red blood cells; important for pregnancy |
| Erythroblastosis Fetalis | severe anemia of a second Rh+ fetus in a Rh- mother since antibodies from first Rh+ baby attach RBC of second fetus |
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JaeBae4444
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