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Bio 240 LF Q's
Questionssss
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a population? Community? Ecosystem? What is the biosphere? | -A group of individuals of the same species living in an area. - Populations of different species in an area. -The community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which those organisms interact -he sum of all the planet’s ecosystems |
| What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors? Be able to give examples of each. | Non-living factors affecting the distribution of organisms – Temperature – Water – Sunlight – Wind – Rocks and soil Factors pertaining to living organisms – Predation – Herbivory – Competition |
| Why is there high precipitation around the equator and dry deserts around 30° north and south? | Because of the hadley cell model |
| Why is it hot around the equator, while it is cold around the north and south poles? | The sunlight directly hits the equators more |
| What drives the seasonal variation of temperature and day length? | The earth is tilted on its axis by 23.5°, thus as it orbits the sun, the intensity of sunlight varies. |
| How are local climate patterns affected by bodies of water and mountains? | Influence on temperature because water has a very high specific heat, or capacity for storing energy |
| Know the major terrestrial and aquatic biomes and their key characteristics (climate and dominant vegetation for terrestrial biomes, physical description of aquatic biomes) | (see extra credit) |
| What are three patterns of population dispersion and what factors drive each? | - Clumped dispersion: individuals aggregate patches Ex: sea star - Uniform dispersion: individuals are evenly distributed Ex: Penguins - Random dispersion: individuals are independent of each other Ex: Birds |
| Be able to explain the mark-recapture method and estimate population density using this method. | Population density can be estimated by either extrapolation from small samples, an index of population |
| What is semelparity? How is it different than iteroparity? | 1.– Produce many offspring once in a lifetime – Favored in unpredictable environments. 2.– Produce few offspring multiple times during their life – Favored in more dependable environments |
| Why can’t organisms maximize both survivorship and fecundity (having babies)? | if a female devotes a great deal of energy to producing a large number of offspring, it is not possible for her to devote that same energy to her immune system, growth, nutrient stores, or other traits that increase survival (fitness trade off) |
| What are survivorship curves? Be able to draw conclusions from a given survivorship curve. | Type I: Low death rates during early and middle life and an increase in death rates among older age groups Type II: A constant death rate over the organism’s life span. Type III: High death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivors. |
| Under what circumstances does exponential growth occur? | Under these conditions, the rate of increase is at its maximum, denoted as rmax • The equation of exponential population growth is dN/dt =rmaxN |
| What is logistic growth? | -A more realistic population model limits growth by incorporating carrying capacity -the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached |
| What is carrying capacity? Can carrying capacity change? | - is the maximum population size the environment can support -Carrying capacity varies with the abundance of limiting resources |
| What does ‘density-dependent’ birth rate or death rate mean? | -Populations stop growing when birth or death rates are this. |
| Explain what happens to population growth when birth rates or death rates are density dependent. | -Birth rate decreases or death rate increases as population density increases |
| What factors can cause density-dependent birth and death rates? | -Competition for Resources -Toxic Wastes -Predation -Territoriality -Disease |
| How has the human population been changing in the last 300 years? | -The rate of human population growth has increased over the past 250 years - It is almost impossible to overemphasize just how dramatically the human population has grown recently |
| If given an age pyramid, could you draw some conclusions about what is happening to the population? | |
| What is the demographic transition model and how does it explain the growth of the human population? | |
| What is competition? | -Interspecific competition: different species compete for a resource that limits their growth and survival -Competitive exclusion: when populations of two similar species compete for the same resource, |
| What is competitive exclusion? | -when populations of two similar species compete for the same resource, one population will use the resource more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population |
| What is resource partitioning and how does it allow similar species to coexist? | Differentiation of niches that allows similar species to coexist is called this |
| What is predation? | One species, the predator, eats and kills the other. – Fleeing – Mechanical defenses – Aposematic coloration – Cryptic coloration |
| What is herbivory? | An organism eats part of a plant or algae. – Chemical sensors to distinguish between toxic & non-toxic plants – Specialized teeth & digestive system |
| What is symbiosis? | When two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another. |
| What is parasitism? | Oneorganism,the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host. -Ectoparasites feed on the external surface of a host. -Endoparasiteslive within the body of the host. |
| What is commensalism? | Benefits one species, but neither harms nor helps the other |
| What is mutualism? | Both species benefit from symbiotic interaction |
| What is aposematic coloration? | -characteristic of animals that use poisons |
| What is mimicry? | -Batesian mimicry: a palatable or harmless species mimics a unpalatable or toxic model -Mullerian mimcry: two or more unpalatable species resemble each other |
| What is cryptic coloration? | -color that blends in with surroundings = camouflage |
| What are the two components of species diversity? | – Species richness is the total number of different species in the community – Relative abundance is the proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community |
| What is a food chain? What limits food chain length? | -link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores |
| Why is the biomass of tertiary consumers in an ecosystem less than the biomass of secondary consumers in that ecosystem? | - energetic hypothesis suggests that length is limited by inefficient energy transfer |
| What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up controls on community structure? | -bottom-up model of community organization proposes an influence from lower to higher trophic levels -top down also called the trophic cascade model, proposes that control comes from the trophic level above |
| What is a trophic cascade? | - top down model |
| If bottom up controls primarily affect a community, what will happen to the length of the food chain as you decrease or increase primary production? | -in this case, presence or absence of mineral nutrients determines community structure, including abundance of primary producers |
| What are dominant species? | -are those that are most abundant or have the highest biomass |
| What are keystone species? | -exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches |
| What are ecosystem engineers | -cause physical changes in the environment that affect community structure |
| Which of these relate to trophic cascade? | -Dominant Species |
| What is a disturbance? | -is an event that changes a community, removes organisms from it, and alters resource availability – Fire – Flood – Storms |
| What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis? | -suggests that moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than either high or low levels of disturbance |
| What is ecological succession? | -is the sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance |
| What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? | -Primary succession occurs where no soil exists when succession begins -Secondary succession begins in an area where soil remains after a disturbance |
| What is biodiversity? | -the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem. |
| What are threats to biodiversity? | -Habitat loss -Introduced species -Overexploitation -Global change |
| What approaches are humans taking to conserve populations or restore ecosystems? | -Landscape conservation: to sustain the biodiversity of entire communities, ecosystems, and landscapes -Restoration Ecology attempts to restore degraded ecosystems to a more natural state -Sustainable development=limit today still plenty tomorrow |
| What is a metapopulation and how does it relate to one of the methods humans use to conserve biodiversity? | -A group of spatially separated populations of one spl'Cies that interact through immigration and emigration. |
| How does carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycle through the ecosystem? | – after a number of years there is not enough N in soil to support crops – inorganic fertilizers change structure of soil that can lead to hard pans – hard pans facilitate erosion and loss of top soil – insecticides kill causes food web changes |
| What role do these elements play in biological systems and how are they taken up by living organisms? | |
| How is human activity impacting these cycles? What other impacts have humans had on the biosphere? | -Deforestation -Ocean Acidification -Greenhouse Effect -Acid Rain |
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Awesomesauce182
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