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Bio Final
Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reason for reproducing | to pass on genetic information |
| Genetic information | DNA |
| Evolution | the change in living things over time (creates a change in genetic make up) |
| Adaptations | Changes in a species over many generations due to the environmental pressures--not choice |
| Natural Selection | survival of the fittest |
| Nucleic Acids | DNA or RNA, have instructions to build proteins |
| DNA and RNA | Nucleic Acids |
| Population | a group of organisms of the same species in the same location |
| Abiotic Factors | Non-living |
| Biotic Factors | Living |
| Autotroph | make own food (producer) |
| Heterotroph | Gets energy by eating other living things or once living things (consumer) |
| Food Web | a complex network of feeding relationships and the flow of energy |
| Mutualism | ecological relationship between two species in which each species gets a benefit from the interaction |
| Commensalism | ecological relationship in which one species receives a benefit but the other species is not affected |
| Parasitism | ecological relationship in which one organism benefits by harming another organism |
| Predation | process by which one organism hunts another organism |
| exponential growth | when a population size increases dramatically and does not level off, limiting factors are not yet used up |
| logistic growth | begins with a period of slow growth followed by a brief period of exponential growth, eventually reaching carrying capacity |
| carrying capacity | the maximum number of individuals of a particular species that the environment can normally and consistently support |
| runs low on food and space | when the carrying capacity has been hit |
| Cell Cycle | regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication and cell division |
| Mitosis | the division of the cell nucleus and its contents |
| 2 genetically identical daughter cells | the product of mitosis |
| interphase | preparing to divide (copies DNA) |
| prophase | nuclear envelope begins to break down, spindle fibers form and centrioles begin to move to opposite poles |
| metaphase | spindle fibers attach on the centromere of each chromosome and the chromosomes align along the equator of the cell |
| anaphase | chromosomes separate from each other and move to opposite sides of the cell |
| telophase | a complete set of identical chromosomes is positioned at each pole of the cell, nuclear membranes start to form, chromosomes start to uncoil and spindle fibers fall apart |
| cancer | uncontrolled cell division where the cells contribute nothing to the body's function, but take up food and blood supply |
| normal cells that have genes that have been damaged and now carry mutated genes and divide more rapidly than healthy cells | cancer cells |
| Macromolecules | organic molecules which combine to form living organisms; includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | double-stranded nucleic acid found in the nucleus which provides instruction for making proteins; provides hereditary information |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | single stranded nucleic acid made during transcription to provide template for making proteins at ribosome during translation |
| cell cycle | components include interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis |
| interphase | part of the cell cycle; resting stage of cell and preparation for mitosis; includes G 1 (duplication of organelles) S phase(replication of DNA) and G 2 (checking of replication) |
| mitosis | part of cell cycle; division of the nucleus; includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase |
| cytokinesis | part of cell cycle; division of cytoplasm and organelles except nucleus |
| cancer | uncontrolled cell division; creates tumors and interferes with normal cell function |
| Nucleotide | A subunit (monomer) of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. Composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. |
| Phosphate Group | Component of DNA or RNA nucleotide |
| DNA Bases | Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine in DNA. Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine in RNA. |
| Genetic Code | The code found in DNA that matches codons in mRNA to amino acids on tRNA. |
| Genome | An organism's complete set of genetic information (DNA). |
| Transcription | The process where a copy of mRNA is made from one gene in DNA; occurs in nucleus |
| Translation | The process of making a protein, where tRNA matches amino acids to codons in the mRNA; occurs in ribosome |
| Meiosis | cell division creating sex cells with half the amount of DNA(haploid) |
| Monohybrid cross | punnett square showing results of genetic cross of one trait |
| Dominant | allele with stronger genetic trait always expressed |
| homozygous | alleles with the same genetic information |
| Non-Mendelian Inheritance | genetic inheritance pattern different from dominant hides recessive trait such as codominance, imcomplete dominance |
| Incomplete Dominance | genetic inheritance pattern where phenotype of offspring are a blend between two separate parental phenotypes |
| Genetic Mutation | changes in organism's DNA sequence |
| Deletion | changes in genetic code with removal of nucleotides |
| Insertion | changes in genetic code with addition of nucleotides |
| Gene | A sectiong of DNA that codes for a trait. |
| Punnett Square | graphic organizer showing predicted results of a genetic cross |
| Dihybrid cross | punnett square showing results of genetic cross of two traits |
| Mendelian Inheritance | genetic inheritance pattern when dominant trait always masks or hides phenotype of recessive trait |
| gametes | Haploid cells created by meiosis; sperm or egg |
| Independent Assortment | Mendel principle states different pairs of genes are passed to offsrping separately to form new gene combinations |
| Crossing Over | exchange of DNA from separate chromosomes during meiosis |
| Segregation | Mendel principle that gene pairs separate during meiosis so each parent passes down one form of gene to offspring. |
| Common Ancestor | the most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved |
| Fossil Record | A term used by paleontologists to refer to the total number of fossils that have been discovered, as well as to the information derived from them |
| Anatomical Evidence | morphological(form or structure) or physiological (function) similarities between different species of plants or animals |
| Molecular Evidence | genes shared due to common ancestry |
| Natural Selection | the process by which forms of life having traits that better enable them to adapt to specific environmental pressures |
| Adaptations | characteristic that increases fitness and chances of reproduction |
| Diversity | degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet |
| Evolutionary Mechanisms/Factors that cause evolution | Mutation, migration (gene flow), genetic drift, and natural selection |
| Genetic Drift | change in the frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling |
| Gene Flow | the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another |
| Mutation | a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene's which alters the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the gene |
| Taxonomy | classfy living organisms into groups; (Domain),Kingdom,Phylum,Class,Order,Family,Genus,Species |
| Archaea Kingdom | prokaryotic kingdom of bacteria able to live in harsh enviroments which are hot,salty or acidic |
| Eubacteria Kingdom | prokaryotic kingdom of bacteria with majority of organisms are beneficial and only a few are harmful |
| Protist Kingdom | eukaryotic kingdom of mostly one celled organism divided into 3 groups: animal like, plant like, and fungus like |
| Fungi Kingdom | eukaryotic kingdom of heterotrophic decomposers with cell walls made of chitin |
| Plant Kingdom | eukaryotic kingdom of autotrophic, multicellular stationary organisms which undergo photosynthesis |
| Animal Kingdom | eukaryotic kingdom of heterotrophic, multicellular mobile organisms. |
| Population | a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed |
| Limiting Factors | any factor that limits the size of a population by restricting its numbers, reproduction, or distribution |
| Carrying Capacity | the maximum population a habitat can sustain |
| Predation | a relationship between two species where one species hunts (predator) and eats the other species (prey) |
| Competition | a relationship between two species where they both require the same resource (food, water, shelter, space) and must compete for it |
| Parasitism | a relationship between two species where one species is helped and the other species is harmed |
| Commensalism | a relationship between two species where one species is helped and the other species is not affected |
| Mutualism | a relationship between two species where both species are helped |
| Autotroph | an organism that can use photosynthesis to make its own food: "self-feeding" |
| Heterotroph | an organism that cannot use photosynthesis to make its own food and must eat other organisms to survive: "other-feeding" |
| Trophic Level | the position a species occupies in a food chain; ex. producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer |
| Food Web | a combination of several food chains within an ecosystem |
| Ecological Pyramid | a graphic representation of the amount of biomass present in each trophic level of a food chain; producers are always on the bottom, then primary consumers, then secondary consumers and so on |
| 10% rule | Only 10% of the total available energy is transferred to each trophic level |
| protein synthesis | - the info in DNA bases are copied onto a length of a mRNA - mRNA moves to the ribosome - mRNA is brought together with amino acids - resulting in a chain of amino acids that folds into a protein |
| cell division takes place because | cells die and need to be replaced |
| cell division includes | 1. interphase 2. mitosis 3. cytokinesis |
| replication | the duplication of DNA - 2 strands of double helix unwind - each strand serves as a template for a 2nd DNA strand - resulting in doubling the original amount of DNA |
| mitosis | â—¦The apportioning of the copied DNA into two quantities in a parent cell |
| cytokinesis | â—¦The physical splitting of this parent cell into two daughter cells |
| chromosome | packaged units of DNA - composed of DNA and its associated proteins-Chromatin |
| homologous chromosomes | - genes are in the same location - 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs - xx: females; xy: males |
| interphase | the cell carries out it's work, grows, and duplicates its chromosomes in preparation for division |
| mitotic phase | - the duplicated chromosomes separate (mitosis) and cells split into two (cytokinesis) |
| 4 stages of mitosis | 1. prophase 2. metaphase 3. anaphase 4. telophase |
| prophase | mitosis begins and chromosomes take shape |
| metaphase | sister chromatids and align them in middle |
| anaphase | sister chromatids are moved apart to opposite poles in the cell, each becoming full-fledged chromosome |
| telophase | Cleavage furrow forms, cells start to split into 2 |
| karyotype | a pictorial arrangement of a full set of an organism's chromosomes |
| diploid cells | have paired sets of chromosomes; any cell except gametes(sperm/egg) - haploid egg and sperm=diploid egg |
| haploid cells | cells that contain a single set of chromosomes; half the amount of chromosomes of parent cells - reproductive |
| Meiosis | single diploid cell divides to produce 4 haploid cells |
| gametes | the haploid cells produced during meiosis - female: eggs - male: sperm |
| crossing over | process in meiosis that exchange of parts of chromosomes; increases genetic diversity |
| independent assortment | random alignment of maternal/paternal chromosomes at the metaphase plate; - allows for genetic variation |
| meiosis generates diversity by: | -crossing over and independent assortment |
| asexual reproduction | mitosis; produces organisms that are exact genetic copies, or clones, of the parental organism |
| n | condition of being haploid: having a single set of chromosomes |
| 2n | condition of being diploid: having 2 sets of chromosomes, one from each parent |
| Gregor Mendel | o Father of genetics |
| Phenotype | o any physiological feature, bodily characteristic, or behavior of an organism; ex. Purple or white flowers |
| genotype | o genetic makeup o phenotypes of organisms are largely determined by this |
| alleles | o one of the alternative forms of a single gene o seeds: one codes for yellow, ones for green |
| law of segregation | o differing characters in organisms result from 2 genetic elements (alleles) that separate in gamete formation, such that each gamete gets only one of the 2 alleles |
| homozygous | - an organism that has 2 of the SAME alleles of a gene for a given character |
| heterozygous | o the alleles they have for the trait are DIFFERENT |
| dominant | o expressed in heterozygous condition |
| recessive | o conditions that will not exist in the presence of even a single functional allele o not expressed in the heterozygous condition |
| incomplete dominance | o operates when neither allele for a given gene is completely dominant; blending. Incomplete=inbetween o can yield an intermediate phenotype (pink , when red is dominant and white is recessive) |
| co-dominant alleles | o differing alleles of a single gene have independent effects on the phenotype o ex. One individual has type A, the other has type B= type AB blood |
| polygenic inheritance | o one trait determined by the interaction of multiple genes, each having a small additive effect on character o eye color, hair color, etc. |
| pleiotropy | one gene has many effects (opposite of polygenic) |
| dihybrid cross | o an experimental cross in which the plants used differ in two of their characteristics |
| first filial generation (F1) | the offspring of the parental generation in an experimental genetic cross |
| multiple alleles | o 3 or more alleles-alternative forms of a gene-occurring in a population (blood typing has A, B, and O alleles) |
| x-linked inheritance | trait located on the sex chromosome -usally x-linked; - men more likely than women bc women have an extra X chromosome to make up for defects - ex. red-green color blindness |
| autosomal recessive disorder | o a recessive dysfunction caused by a faulty allele on an autosome (not an X or Y chromosome) o ex. Sickle-cell anemia |
| autosomal dominant disorder | o a single allele can bring about the condition regardless of whether a person also has a normal allele |
| pedigrees | genetic familial histories that take form of diagrams |
| nondisjunction | o homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate correctly in meiosis o resulting in eggs or sperm that have one too many or one too few chromosomes Ex: down syndrome- 3 copies of 21st chromosome instead of two |
| carrier | o a person who doesn't suffer from a recessive condition, but who carries an allele and can pass down |
| Watson, Crick, and Rosalind Franklin | o Set out to decipher the structure of DNA o Franklin used x-ray diffraction |
| nucleotides | o building blocks of DNA o consist of one sugar (deoxyribose), one phosphate group, and one of four bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine) |
| DNA bases | o extend inward from the handrails of DNA, with base pairs joined to each other in the middle by hydrogen bonds o A pairs with T o G pairs with C |
| production of double helix | o one parental strand of DNA and one newly synthesized complementary strand combine o this is how life builds on itself |
| DNA polymerases | group of enzymes central to DNA replication |
| DNA can encode info for: | the huge amount of proteins used by living things |
| amino acids | o made of a codon of 3 bases, order determines the type of proteins |
| transcription | o stage in protein synthesis, comes after replication o the info encoded in DNA is copied onto a length of mRNA |
| translation | o last stage of protein synthesis; follows transcription o amino acids brought to a ribosome by transfer RNA molecules are linked together within the ribosome in the order specified by the mRNA sequence |
| codon | each triplet of mRNA bases that codes for an amino acid |
| ribosomes | o workbenches of protein synthesis |
| Which process or processes occur in the nucleus? | DNA replication and transcription |
| How is the information that specifies a protein stored in DNA | in the sequence of bases |
| Mendel wanted to make sure his starting plants bred true, meaning the | phenotypes of the offspring in each generation were always the same as the parent |
| What is the term for an observable trait of an organism? | phenotype |
| If a DNA segment has the sequence GCTAA, what RNA sequence will be made from it? | CGAUU |
| Vestigial structures | Leftover structures that are no longer useful |
| Homologous structures | Structures that are similar in different organisms, but have different functions |
| Analogous Structures | Structures that have the same function in different organisms, but do not show common ancestry |
| Genetic Drift | A random event that causes a change in a population: i.e. accidentally stepping on an ant hill |
| Types of natural Selection(Honors only) | Stabilizing, directional, disruptive |
| Ribosome | Where proteins are made |
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