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OAT Bio
Chapter 3- Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gene | Basic unit of heredity; composed of DNA and located on chromosomes |
| Alleles | alternative form of genes; two per trait |
| Genotype | genetic makeup |
| Phenotype | physical manifestation of genetic makeup |
| Mendel | He used peas and took true-breeding individuals with diff traits and analyzed the results of genetic crosses |
| Mendel's First Law | Law of Segregation: two alleles per trait and they segregate during meiosis which leads to gametes with one allele |
| Dominant Gene/Allele | The expressed allele |
| Recessive Gene/Allele | Silent allele |
| Homozygous | ppl with two of the same allele |
| Heterozygous | people with two different alleles |
| Mendel's Law of Dominance | Dominant allele appears in phenotype |
| Monohybrid Cross | genetic crossing dealing with only one trait |
| F generation (Filial) | progeny generations after P generation |
| Punnet Square | tool used to predict possible genotypes expected from a cross |
| Testcross | When a person with dominant phenotype of unknown genotype is crossed with a phenotypically recessive person to determine genotype of dominant person |
| Dihybrid Cross | crossing two traits (F2 generation TtPp x TtPp = 9:3:3:1) |
| Mendel's Second Law | Law of Independent Assortment: pattern of traits being transmitted to offspring independently |
| Incomplete Dominance | when the phenotype of the heterozygote is an intermediate of the phenotypes of the homozygotes (TT x tt) red x white = pink |
| Codominance | when multiple alleles exist for a given gene and more than one is dominant (blood type AB, both dominant but both are expressed at same time) |
| Autosomes | 22 pairs, homologues pairs of chromosomes |
| Sex Chromosomes | X and Y (XX or XY) |
| Sex-Linked | Genes located on X or Y chromosome |
| Males | who receives more recessive phenotypes cuz of recessive genes on X chromosome? |
| Sex-Linked Recessive Gene Pathway | Males to their daughters (carriers cuz X from mom) to their grandsons |
| Drosophila Melanogaster | the insect most used to test/study genetics; used to figure out patterns of embryonic development |
| Nondisjunction | failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis II |
| Trisomy | three copies of a chromosome |
| Monosomy | single copy of a chromosome |
| Down Syndrome | classic trisomy chromosome 21 |
| Mutagenic Agents | X-rays, UV radiation, etc; some carcinogenic |
| Mutation Types | addition, deletion, and substitution |
| Mutation | permanent change in DNA sequence that may or may not alter the AA sequence of the corresponding protein |
| PKU | genetic disease caused by inability to produce enzyme to metabolize phenylalanine |
| Nucleotide | basic unit of DNA (sugar, base, phosphate) |
| Purines | Adenine and Guanine (PUR As Gold) |
| Pyrimidines | Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (CUT the Py) |
| Hydrogen Bonds | 3 of these to bind C and G; 2 of these to bind A and T |
| What's stronger A-T bond or C-G bond | C-G bond cuz 3 hydrogen bonds so if more C/G in DNA, the more tightly bound the two strands will be |
| Helicase | enzyme that unwinds DNA |
| DNA Replication | Helicase unwinds DNA, addition of RNA primer at 5' end, DNA polymerase adds bases 5' to 3' and ligase joins fragments together |
| Leading strand | Strand of DNA that adds nucleotides continuously |
| Lagging Strand | Strand of DNA that adds nucleotides in Okazaki fragments |
| Semiconservative Process | Bcuz one strand is identical to parent strand and the other is complementary |
| How many codons and AA | 64 codons and 20 AA |
| Degeneracy/Redundancy of the genetic code | most AA have more than one codon specifying them |
| RNA | ribose, uracil, single stranded mostly, 3 types |
| mRNA | complements DNA strand and transports it from nucleus to ribosomes for protein synthesis; monocistronic in eukaryotes; polycistronic in prokaryotes |
| tRNA | in cytoplasm, helps with translation by bringing the corresponding AA to the ribsomes; recognizes both AA and mRNA codon |
| rRNA | structural component of ribosome, synthesized in nucleolus |
| Transcription | DNA converted to mRNA; 3 parts initiation, elongation, and termination |
| Initiation (script) | RNA polymerase binds to promoter region (TATA Box) on DNA |
| Elongation (script) | RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to RNA transcript with the help of transcription factors |
| Termination (script) | RNA polymerase recognizes stop sequence and releases (via hairpin loop in prokaryotes) |
| Termination for (script) | hnRNA must undergo post-translational processing (remove introns and splice exons together, add 5' Cap, and poly A tail) |
| Translation | mRNA codons translated to AA sequence; includes tRNA, ribosomes, mRNA, AA, enzymes, proteins |
| Ribosomes | two subunits (proteins and rRNA, one large and one small) that bind together during initiation; has 3 binding spots APE |
| Initiation (slate) | ribosome binds to mRNA at 5' end and scans til it binds to start codon (AUG) |
| Elongation (slate) | hydrogen bonds form btwn mRNA codon and anticodon on tRNA in A site, then peptide bond forms btwn AA on A site tRNA and tRNA in P site, then translocation (ribosome advances and expels a tRNA) |
| Termination (Slate) | when a mRNA termination codon arrives at A site |
| Bacterial genome | single circular DNA in nucleoid |
| plasmid | circular rings of DNA with accessory genes |
| episomes | plasmids that can integrate into bacterial genome |
| Transformation | foreign DNA (plasmid) is taken up by another bacteria via recombination |
| Conjugation | transfer of genetic material btwn two bacteria that are joined via pilli (F+ donor and F- recipient in Ecoli) |
| Transduction | fragments of bacterial chromosome are transferred via bacteriophages that infect other cells |
| Operon | RNA poly binds to promoter; structural genes that code for proteins is transcribed as long as repressor isn't bound to operator |
| Inducible Systems | inducer (substrate) binds to repressor and repressor stops binding to operator and structural gene transcribed |
| Repressible Systems | transcription until corepressor is present to bind with repressor to stop it by binding to operator; repressor can't bind to operator without corepressor support |
| Constitutive Operon | mutated operon that cannot be turned off so enzyme is always being synthesized |
| Bacteriophage | virus that infects host bacterium by attaching to it, boring a hole into the cell wall, and injecting DNA into it; enters either lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle |
| Lytic Cycle | phage DNA takes over bacteria's genetic machinery and makes more phages then cell bursts releasing the phages to infect more cells |
| Virulent | bacteriophages that kill their host thru lytic cycle |
| Lysogenic Cycle | phage gets integrated into bacterial genome in a harmless form, lying dormant until phage enters lytic cycle either spontaneously or via environmental factors |
| Gel Electrophoresis | used to separate molecules of different sizes using a charge gradient |
| Blotting | used to detect molecules and preserve the sample for future use |
| Southern blotting | detection of specific DNA sequences; DNA cleaved by restriction enzymes, fragments separated by electrophoresis, then transferred to inert membrane then blot exposed to UV probe |
| Northern Blotting | detect RNA |
| Western Blotting | detect proteins |
| PCR | DNA amplification; denaturation (heat to separate strands), annealing (primers attach to templates), extension (DNA poly adds bases) |
| Restriction Enzymes (RFLPs) | bind to and cut DNA at specific sequences (palindromes) |
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JaeBae4444
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