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Nutrition
wiki 6-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the differences between vitamins and organic molecules such as proteins, lipids and carbohydrates? | The differences between vitamins and organic molecules (like proteins, lipids, and carbs) are vitamins they do not release energy but, rather help release energy and they're needed in smaller quantities than organic molecules |
| Can vitamin E can slow or prevent the process of aging? Explain? | Vitamin E or tocopherol is an antioxidant which prevent oxidation of vitamin A, beta-carotene, vitamin C, unsaturated fatty acids. |
| What are other misconceptions about vitamin E? | There are some myths or misconceptions about the benifits of Vitamin ex; vitamin E does not improve athletic skill, in enhance sexual performance/cure sexual dysfunction, slow or prevent the process of aging or prevent/cure muscular atrophy. |
| What are symptoms of vitamin E deficiency? | some of the symptoms of vitamin e deficiency in an adult are mild anemia, neurological deficits, disorders related to reproduction and infertility, fragile red blood cells, age spots, decrease sex drive, muscle, liver, bone marrow function abnormalities |
| How can vitamin E deficiency be prevented? | It can be prevented by eating vitamin E rich food. The foods include nuts, seed, egg yolks, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, peanuts, soybean, corn oil adn sunflower seeds. And wheat germ oil is also the rich source of vitamin E. |
| Explain the role of vitamin K in activation of proteins involved in blood clotting? | Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to make factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X. Three additional coagulation proteins are vitamin K dependent. These factors and proteins plus calcium are key links in the chain of events producing a blood clot. |
| What are the other roles of vitamin K? | Other functions are bone metabolism and it may aslo protect the body from inflammation. |
| Could a patient who takes wide spectrum antibiotics for prolonged time develop vitamin K deficiency? | Yes, a patient that takes a wide spectrum of antibiotics for a prolonged time period can develop vitamin K deficiency because the antibiotics can destroy intestinal bacteria, hence prevent vitamin K absorption. |
| Explain the role of vitamin A in vision? What is the active form of vitamin A that plays role in vision? | The role of vitamin A in vision are they help maintain a healthy cornea, assists in light detection at the retina, deficiencies affect ability of eye to adapt to changing light levels, and night blindness. The active form of vitamin A is retinoid. |
| Can large doses of vitamin C help cure colds or prevent cold? | Large amounts of Vitamin C cannot help cure cold or prevent colds because levels beyond the body's needs will not improve immune function. |
| Are there adverse side effects of taking excess vitamin C? Explain | side effects of excess vitamin C include: Nausea, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. also can interfere with peoples daily medicine intakes. also slightly increase the risk of kidney stones and iron absorption for those who have had those problems before. |
| Explain the role of vitamin D in bone growth and maintenance? | Vitamin D is essential in bone growth. Its main role in the body is to increase the flow of calcium into the bloodstream. It does this by promoting absorption of calcium from food. Without vitamin D, calcium would not be absorbed into the body. |
| What are the functions of vitamins in general? | Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients that our bodies require so as to function properly. Vitamins and minerals boost the human immune system and promote normal growth and development in the human body. |
| Explain the role of trace minerals? Are they as important as major minerals? | . Without minerals your body would not be able to build new tissue, flex and contract muscles, transmit nerve impulses, clot blood, maintain a neutral pH and keep your heart beating. |
| Explain the term bioavailability? | It is the rate and extent to which nutrients are absorbed and utilized by the body. |
| Explain the term vitamin efficiency? | the effectivness and belief that taking a vitamin of any kind will increase your chances of better health. On the contrary there is no such evidence to support this fact |
| What results vitamin A deficiency? | A resut of vitmin A deficiency can be low intake of food that drak green and yellow orange vegetables and fruit. Also liver, fish oils, fortified daiy products and eggs. interfering with fat absorption can lead to deficiency. |
| What are vitamin A deficiency symptoms? How can it be prevented? | may develop to blindness, Dryness, rough, and scaly skin may also occur, also drying and hardening of salivary glands. increase exposure to infection because vitamin A helps resistance to infections |
| What is meant by Toxicity? | Toxicity is the degree to which something is poisonous |
| Explain the term vitamin equivalency? | Vitamin equivalency is the international unit (IU) unit that is used to measure or quantify the amount of vitamins. |
| Generally, fat-soluble vitamins are found in what kind of food? | A: primarily in foods of animal origin such as dairy products, liver and fish. Fruits and vegatables that are dark orange and dark green in color. D: dairy products as well as in oily fish. E: vegetable oil, Fruits, grains and nuts K: dark greens |
| Explain the term precursor? | Precursors are compounds that can be converted to active form of vitamins and they are considered when calculating vitamin intake. |
| Explain why deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins are less likely or not likely? | Deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins are less likely because they are stored in in our body tissues, as opposed to water soluble vitamins which are extricated out of our bodies. |
| List water-soluble vitamins and briefly explain their property in general? | Include vitamin C and Vitamin B-complex group. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored by the body. Since they are eliminated in urine, we require a continuous daily supply in our diet in small doses. |
| xplain their property in general? | The B vitamins function as coenzymes that help the body obtain energy from food. The B vitamins are also important for normal appetite, good vision, and healthy skin, nervous system, and red blood cell formation. |
| xplain their property in general? | Vitamin C aids in wound healing, bone and tooth formation, strengthening blood vessel walls, improving immune system function, increasing absorption and utilization of iron, and acting as an antioxidant. |
| What is the role of Beta-carotene(antioxidant) in preventing cellular damage? | Beta-carotene protects the lipid portions of our membranes and the LDL-cholesterol from oxidative damage. Other functions of BC include enhancing our immune systems, protecting our skin from sun damage, and protecting our eyes from oxidative damage. |
| What is the main function of vitamin D in bone growth? Explain | Vitamin D is very important to bone growth, its main function is to increase the flow of calcium into the bloodstream.without vitamin D calcium will not get abosrbed into the body. therefore Vitamin D is as important as calcium because they intertwined. |
| List major roles of vitamin E in the body? | Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant prevents the build up of free radials which damage cells. also is an enzyme activity regulator, plays a role in smooth muscle growth. |
| VE cont. | VE protects lipids and prevents oxidation of polyunsaturated fats. plays a role in neuroligical function and prevents aggrigation of platlets. |
| Explain the role riboflavin? | In addition to producing energy for the body, riboflavin also works as an antioxidant by fighting damaging particles in the body known as free radicals. |
| How could light effect riboflavin? | The effect of light on riboflavin is that it gets destroyed by UV rays of sun and riboflavin needs to be protected from light. As well, needs of Vitamin B Riboflavin in infants, children, and pregnant women increase during periods of active growth. |
| What is the difference between Vitamin B6 and other water-soluble vitamins? | Water-soluble vitamins are essentially found in watery compartments of the body , easily absorbed in the bloodstream and easily excreted as well. The vitamins B6 are found in nutrients rich in proteins&are mostly stored in muscle tissue. |
| . Explain the general properties of fat soluble vitamins? | Fat-soluble vitamins--namely vitamins A, D, E and K--dissolve in fat and are stored in fat throughout the body. It is difficult for your body to excrete excess fat-soluble vitamins, so toxic levels can accumulate if you consume too many. |
| What is beta carotene? | is a carotenoid, one of a group of plant pigments known to have antioxidant and other effects. This is a substance in plants that's quickly converted into vitamin A inside the body. |
| What is the role of beta carotene? | often thought of as a form of vitamin A itself. Having normal levels of VA is key for good vision, strong immunity, and general health. |
| What is the function/role of vitamin A in gene expression? Explain | Retinoic acid form of VA has been identified to influence hundreds of genes.Some dietary components, including the retinoic acid form of vitamin A, known to help activate or deactivate certain genes—thereby affecting production of specific proteins. |
| What is the function/role of vitamin A in vision? Explain | Vitamin A is critical for vision as an essential component of rhodopsin, a protein that can absorb light in the retinal receptors, and because it suppports the normal differentiation and functioning of the conjunctival membranes and cornea. |
| Besides vision and gene expression does vitamin A plays any other role? If so explain | plays a role in immunity by protecting the body's immune response by increasing resistance to infection. People who have deficincies of vitamin A reduces resistance to infection. |
| Besides vision and gene expression does vitamin A plays any other role? If so explain | plays a role in reproduction, growth and development. Example in men in it participates in sperm development and in women it promotes normal fetal growth and development . |
| Besides vision and gene expression does vitamin A plays any other role? If so explain | Vitamin A like beta-carotene aslo plays a role as an anti-oxidant. Anti-oxidants are compounds that protect other compoundslike lipids in cell membrane from attack by oxygen. |
| List food sources that are rich in Vitamin A? | fortified milk, liver, cooked carrots, baked sweet potatoes, apricots, cantaloupe, spinach, egg yolk, cabbage, kale, squash and broccoli.dark leafy greens, tuna fish, and mango are also foods rich in vitamin a. |
| How can Vitamin D be synthesized by the body? Explain | Vitamin D is manufactured in the skin. The liver alters the vitamin to calcidiol, an inactive form of vitamin D. Then the kidney converts the calcidiol to calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D |
| What are the target organs of vitamin D? briefly explain each | The target organs are: small intestine, kidneys, bones, brain, pancreas, skin, reproductive organs, some cancer cells. |
| List different types of vitamin B? | B vitamins are: thiamin, also known as vitamin B-1; riboflavin, also known as vitamin B-2; niacin, also known as vitamin B-3; pantothenic acid; biotin; vitamin B-6, also known as pyridoxine; folate; vitamin B-12, also known as cobalamin. |
| . What are the food sources of Vitamin B? | B1 - Thiamin: meat, sunflower seeds, legumes B2 - Riboflavin: milk, milk product, meats, green vegetables, enriched grains |
| . What are the food sources of Vitamin B? | B3 - Niacin: meat, poultry, fish, enriched breads and cereals, some vegetable sources such as mushrooms, asparagus, green leafy vegetables Pantothenic Acid: meat, milk, many vegetables Biotin: whole grains, eggs, nuts, legumes |
| . What are the food sources of Vitamin B? | B6 - Pyridoxine: meat, fish, poultry, fortified cereals, potatoes Folate: enriched grains, liver, legumes, beets, leafy green vegetables, oranges, orange juice, cantaloupe B12 - Cobalamin: exclusively from foods derived from animals |
| Explain role and need of Thiamin? | Thiamin is a coenzyme in the metabolism of carbohydrate and amino acids. Thiamin has to be around all the time in every cell in order for cells to function. |
| What are the functions of water ? | a.regulates body temperature b.lubricates joints c.protects body organ and tissue d.dissolve minerals and other nutrients |
| How water can be regulated? | a "thirst center" in our hypothalamus. This thirst center contains osmoreceptors, sensory receptors that detect changes in fluid concentrations. If we lose too much water, our body fluids begin to become more concentrated. As some of these fluids chang |
| Water intake and water loss | Water intake mostly through drinking or eating moist food through month. we loose water through urine, sweat, respiration, and feces. |
| What is dehydration | Dehydration is loss of body fluid when output exceeds input. The symptoms progress rapidly if not corrected, including thirst, weakness, exhaustion&delirim and death. |
| What is water intoxication: | It is also known as water poisoning or dilutional huponatremia, is a potential fatal disturbance in brain function that results when the normal balance of electrolytes in the body is pushed outside safe limits by over hydration. |
| What is the role trace mineral | Trace minerals are important for energy, antioxidant protection, metabolism, and immune system function. |
| What are electrolytes | Electrolytes are ions that are electrically charged and can be found in many sports drinks compounds that separate into ions in water and, in turn , are able to conduct an electrical current. These include sodium, chloride, and potassium. |
| What is acid-base balance: | Acid–base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis concerning the proper balance between acid and bases also called body PH. ions are used to regulate acidity pH of fluids. |
| How ions play a role in acid-base balance? what is the main ion that plays role in acid-base balance: | by being used to regulate the pH acidity of fluids. The main ion that plays a role in acid-base balance is hydrogen ions (H+); when H+ increases the pH becomes acidic and when H+ decrease the pH becomes alkaline. |
| List major positive (cation) minerals? Where are they mainly found e.g. sodium is mainly found outside the cell (in the interstitial fluid) | Calcium is mainly found in the bones, but can be found in body fluids. outside the cell is magnesium(Mg) it's also an interacellular fluid 50% of it found in bones, it's also found in the muscles, heart, liver, and other soft tissues |
| . List major negative (anions) minerals: | Major Intracellular anion - PO4+ (Phosphate) Major Extracellular anion - Cl- (Chloride) Also, one more Major Negative Anion in Intracellular Fluid is Sulfate (SO4-) and Major Extracellular is Bicarbonate (HCO3-) |
| . What are the roles of major minerals in general | act as co-factors for enzyme reactions.They give us our vitality. maintain the pH balance within the body.actually facilitate the transfer of nutrients across cell membranes.maintain proper nerve conduction .help to contract and relax muscles.regulate tis |
| Explain outcome and consequence of iodine deficiencies | An inadequate dietary intake of iodine leads to insufficient production of thyroid hormones.when it is not available, an individual may suffer from hypothyroidism or enlarged thyroid. Pregnant mothers that suffer idoine deficieny may have a child with men |
| What is the role of sodium? | Sodium is dissolved in the blood and plays a key role in maintaining blood pressure. Healthy adults should limit sodium intake to 2,300 mg per day. Adults with high blood pressure should have no more than 1,500 mg per day |
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