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OAT Bio
Chapter 2 -Reproduction
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Somatic Cells | All cells except sex cells |
| Sex Cells | Have half the number of chromosomes as somatic cells |
| Cell Division | A cell doubles its organelles and cytoplasm, replicates its DNA, and then divides in two |
| Mitosis | division of somatic cell DNA to two daughter cells, exact copies, diploid |
| Karyokinesis | nuclear division |
| Cytokinesis | cell division |
| Interphase | period of growth and replication of genetic material (90% of life in this phase); DNA is uncoiled and it called chromatin |
| Sister Chromatid | two identical chromatids |
| Centromere | central region where sister chromatids are held together |
| Chromosome | a single chromatid or pair of chromatids attached at centromere |
| Ploidy | chromosome number within cells |
| Prophase | chromosomes condense; spindles form; centriole pairs separate and move towards opposite poles of cell |
| Metaphase | chromosomes align at the center forming metaphase plate |
| Anaphase | sister chromatids separate cuz centromeres split |
| Telophase | new nuclear membranes form around new chromosomes |
| Cytokinesis | cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells; in animals cleavage furrow forms, cell membrane indents, and cell pinches through separating the two nuclei |
| Animal Cells vs Plant Cells Cell division | Plant cells lack centrioles and they cant form cleavage furrow so they divide by forming a cell plate |
| Meiosis | process by which sex cells are produced that are haploid; two divisions of primary sex cells |
| Gametes | four haploid cells resulting from meiosis |
| Interphase of Meiosis | parent cell's chromosomes replicated (4N number of chromosomes) |
| First Meiotic Division | produces two intermediate daughter cells (2N) |
| Prophase I | chromatin condenses, spindles form, nuclear membrane disappears |
| Synapsis (Prophase) | homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine |
| Tetrad | homologous chromosomes with four chromatids (forms cuz of synapsis) |
| Chiasmata | where some chromatids connect and then break |
| Crossing Over | exchange of equivalent DNA btwn homologous chromosomes |
| Metaphase I | tetrads align at the center plate |
| Anaphase I | homologous pairs separate and pulled to opposite poles -- disjunction occurs (distribution of homo chromos to two daughter cells is random) |
| Telophase I | nuclear membrane forms around each nucleus; chromosomes still consist of sister chromatids joined at centromere |
| Second Meiotic Division | no replication, metaphase II (sister chromatids align at center), anaphase II (separate and move to opposite poles), telophase II (new nuclear membranes form) -leads to 4 haploid cells |
| Sexual Reproduction | requires: gametes by adults, union (fertilization/conjugation) of gametes forming zygote, and zygote to another adult |
| Gonads | organs where gametes are produced; testes for males make sperm, ovaries for women produce oocytes |
| Hermaphrodites | have functional both male and female gonads |
| Spermatogenesis | occurs in seminiferous tubules; diploid spermatogonia undergo meiosis and produce 4 haploid sperm |
| Oogenesis | occurs in ovaries; diploid sex cell undergoes meiosis to make single mature egg, a polar body is produced each division and it degenerates |
| Fertilization | union of egg and sperm to form zygote with diploid chromosomes |
| External Fertilization | reproduction in water; females lay eggs in water and males put sperm in water and sperm swims to eggs |
| Internal Fertilization | direct route for sperm to reach egg cell; increased fertilization success; females produce fewer eggs because of the higher success |
| Pathway of Sperm | SEVEN UP (Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, nothing, urethra, penis |
| Follicles | in ovaries, a multilayered sac of cells that contains, nourishes, and protects an immature ovum; produce estrogen |
| Egg Pathway | immature ovum from ovary to fallopian tube (oviduct), uterus, cervix, vaginal canal |
| Female Hormones | ovaries make estrogens and progesterone, which is regulated by LH and FSH which are regulated by GnRH |
| Estrogens | steroid hormones for normal maturation, contribute to secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive, thickening of endometrium |
| Progesterone | hormone secreted by corpus luteum during luteal phase of menstrual cycle, maintains endometrial walls in preparation for implantation of zygote |
| The Menstrual Cycle | female reproductive cycle, has 4 phases: follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, and menstration |
| Follicular Phase | reproductive hormones are the lowest; negative feedback removed from hypothalamus, release of GnRH, release of LH and FSH, secretion of estrogen |
| FSH | follicle stimulating hormone that promotes the development of follicle within ovary |
| Ovulation | mature ovarian follicle bursts and releases ovum to oviduct; caused by increased LH and estrogen |
| Luteal Phase | ruptured follicle develops into corpus luteum which secretes estrogen and progesterone |
| Menstration | no fertilization: corpus luteum atrophies and endometrium sloughs off which leads to menses (menstrual flow) If fertilization: placenta produces hCG which maintains corpus luteum (continues supply of hormones) |
| Sexual Reproduction in Plants | alternation of diploid sporophyte generation and haploid gametophyte generation (sporophyte, haploid spore, haploid gametophyte, fertilization gametes, diploid sporophyte again) |
| Gametophyte Generation | haploid; produces gametes by mitosis; gametophytes reproduce sexually; dominant in mosses where sporophyte depends on gametophyte for E and nutrients |
| Sporophyte Generation | diploid but produces haploid spore by meiosis; spores divide by mitosis and produce haploid gametophyte generation; dominant in ferns |
| Angiosperms | flowering plants; woody part if sporophyte stage, gametophytes are a few cells that dnt last long |
| Stamen | male organ of flower that consists of filament and anther- produces haploid spores aka pollen |
| Pistil | female organ of flower with 3 parts: 1. stigma - sticky top part 2. style - tube that connects stigma and ovary 3. Ovary - base of pistil with ovules that have an egg |
| Petals | leaves that protect pistils, colors attract insects that allow for fertilization |
| Sepals | green leaves that protect flower bud |
| Male Gametophyte | pollen grain; it's transferred from anther to stigma |
| Female Gametophyte | develops in ovule; called embryo sac which contains two polar bodies and an egg |
| Plant Fertilization | sperm nuclei enter embryo sac and combine with egg to form zygote; the other sperm fuse with polar bodies to form endosperm (3N) |
| Endosperm | provides food for embryonic plant |
| Asexual Reproduction | production of offspring without fertilization; offspring identical to parent; 4 types; prokaryotes, plants, invertebrates |
| Fission | in prokaryotes, DNA replicates-invagination creating new plasma membrane and cell wall-two equally sized cells |
| Budding | replication of nucleus then unequal cytokinesis; new cell is smaller than parent cell but still genetically identical |
| Regeneration | regrowth of a lost or injured body part; able to be done as long as a piece of central disk is in arm after damage |
| Parthenogenesis | development of an unfertilized egg into an adult organism (male ants, some eggs of rabbits and frogs with electric shock) |
| Asexual Spore Formation | diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores that develop into haploid gametophyte |
| Asexual Vegetative Propagation | meristems (undifferentiated tissues in plants) provide cells that can develop into an adult plant; introduces no genetic variation and is fast |
| Natural Vegetative Propagation | 1. bulbs- split and form several bulbs, 2. tubers - underground stems with buds, 3.Runners- stems running above and along ground extending from main stem, 4.Rhizomes- woody, underground stems |
| Artificial V. Propagation | used by humans in agriculture; cut piece of stem can develop new roots in water or moist ground; auxins used to accelerate root formation; layering |
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