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Biology
Biology - Semester 2 - Chapter 38
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Calorie | term used by scientists to measure the energy stored in foods; 1000 calories |
| carbohydrate | compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body |
| fat | lipid; made up of fatty acids and glycerol |
| protein | macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes |
| vitamin | organic molecule that helps regulate body processes |
| mineral | inorganic nutrient the body needs, usually is small amounts |
| amylase | enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bounds between the sugar monomers in starches |
| esophagus | food tube connecting the mouth to the stomach |
| peristalsis | rhythmic muscular constructions that squeeze food through the esophagus into the stomach |
| stomach | large muscular sac that continues the mechanical digestion of food |
| peptic ulcer | hole in the stomach wall |
| chyme | mixture of stomach fluids and food produced in the stomach by contracting |
| small intestine | digestive organ in which most chemical digestion takes place |
| pancreas | gland that produce hormones that regulate blood sugar, enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids; and sodium bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes stomach acids |
| liver | large organ just above the stomach that produces bile, a fluid loaded with lipids and salts |
| villus | folded projection that increases the surface area of the walls of the small intestine |
| large intestine | colon; organ that removes water from the undigested materials that pass through it |
| kidney | organ that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood and passes them to the ureter |
| ureter | tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
| urinary bladder | saclike organ in which urine is stored before being excreted |
| nephron | small independent blood filtering unit in the cortex of the kidney |
| glomerulus | small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of the nephron |
| Bowman's capsule | cap-shaped structure in the upper end of a nephron that encases the glomerulus |
| filtration | process by which fluid from the blood filters into Bowman's capsule in the kidneys |
| reabsorption | process by which most of the material removal from the blood at Bowman's capsule makes its way back into the blood |
| loop of Hence | section of the nephron tubule that conserves water and minimizes the volume of urine |
| urethra | tube through which urine and semen are released from the body |
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HanBeth07
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