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Psych100
Chapter 1 & 2 - Introduction & Research Methods
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sociobiological Theory | (Evolutionary psychology) physical structure & behavior of an organism - Ex. We like sweet food because when food was scarce, sweeter fruits gave more calories to survive on. (what was advantageous long time ago?) |
| Sociocultural Theory | Thoughts, believes, values, manners and behaviors shaped by the culture in which we grow up. Defines the norm. |
| Learning Theory | Learning a behavior based on positive and negative consequences. Ex. touch a hot stove, experience pain - learns to avoid hot things. John Watson - Little Albert conditioned animals Albert Bandura - Bobo Doll aggression |
| Social Cognitive Theory | (Thought)behavior in terms of beliefs, attitudes, affect, and motivation - Ex. you answer a phone when it rings because it means someone's calling, you believe you can hold a convo, motivated to answer, because of positive attitude towards caller. |
| Naturalistic Observation | Collecting information without participant's awarness |
| Structured Observation | Observing a participant's behavior in a set up situation |
| Self-Report | Participants provide information/responses about self |
| Controlled Experiment | Researchers create controlled environment where they can carefully manipulate one variable to measure its effects |
| Longitudinal | Collecting data periodically from same participants over a long period of time |
| Cross-Sectional | Gathering information on participants of different ages and looks for differences between groups |
| Case Study | Detailed analysis of a particular person, group, etc. |
| Archival | Examining data that has already been collected for other purposes |
| Selection Bias | Creating groups in a study that differ in more than the intended way - (Random Assignment - equal chance of being in the experimental or control group) |
| Placebo Effect | Experiencing what your mind expect to rather than what is really happening - (Placebo Control - fake something) |
| Rosenthal Effect | Researcher's own expectations of what results should be influencing how participants are treated,aka researcher's bias (Double Blind Procedure) |
| Demand Characteristics | Changing of behavior in accordance to what would be considered "good" or "correct" by researchers (make participants blind to purpose of actual study and researchers treat all the same way) |
| Social Desirability | Offering socially desirable responses or behaviors in fear of negative social judgement (stress importance of honesty) |
| Random Selection (in Sampling) | How you draw the sample of people from a population Most related to external validity (generalizability) of results - better represent the larger group from which they're drawn |
| Random Assignment (experimental design) | How you assign the sample that you draw to different groups or treatments in your study Most related to internal validity - helps assure that our treatment groups are similar to each other or equal prion to the treatment. |
| Positive Correlation | As one increases, the other one increases too Ex. number of hours of sleep & GPA (more sleep, higher GPA) |
| Negative Correlation | As one increases, the other one decreases Ex. number of hours of sleep & level of anxiety (more sleep = less anxious) |
| Operationalization | Process of defining variables into measurable factors. Defines fuzzy concepts so they can be measures, empirically and quantitatively. |
| Conceptual Variable | Expressed in general, subjective, qualitative terms Objective definition is required to measure |
| Operational Variable | Subjective - quantitative - not Describes what is being measured and how |
| External Validity | Extent to which findings from a study generalize to the population |
| Probability Sampling | All elements in the population have some opportunity of being included in the sample |
| Convenience Sampling | Researchers use any individual avaliable |
Created by:
ybekele
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