Chapter 1 & 2 - Introduction & Research Methods
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| Sociobiological Theory | (Evolutionary psychology) physical structure & behavior of an organism - Ex. We like sweet food because when food was scarce, sweeter fruits gave more calories to survive on. (what was advantageous long time ago?)
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| Sociocultural Theory | Thoughts, believes, values, manners and behaviors shaped by the culture in which we grow up. Defines the norm.
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| Learning Theory | Learning a behavior based on positive and negative consequences. Ex. touch a hot stove, experience pain - learns to avoid hot things.
John Watson - Little Albert conditioned animals
Albert Bandura - Bobo Doll aggression
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| Social Cognitive Theory | (Thought)behavior in terms of beliefs, attitudes, affect, and motivation - Ex. you answer a phone when it rings because it means someone's calling, you believe you can hold a convo, motivated to answer, because of positive attitude towards caller.
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| Naturalistic Observation | Collecting information without participant's awarness
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| Structured Observation | Observing a participant's behavior in a set up situation
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| Self-Report | Participants provide information/responses about self
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| Controlled Experiment | Researchers create controlled environment where they can carefully manipulate one variable to measure its effects
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| Longitudinal | Collecting data periodically from same participants over a long period of time
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| Cross-Sectional | Gathering information on participants of different ages and looks for differences between groups
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| Case Study | Detailed analysis of a particular person, group, etc.
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| Archival | Examining data that has already been collected for other purposes
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| Selection Bias | Creating groups in a study that differ in more than the intended way - (Random Assignment - equal chance of being in the experimental or control group)
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| Placebo Effect | Experiencing what your mind expect to rather than what is really happening - (Placebo Control - fake something)
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| Rosenthal Effect | Researcher's own expectations of what results should be influencing how participants are treated,aka researcher's bias (Double Blind Procedure)
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| Demand Characteristics | Changing of behavior in accordance to what would be considered "good" or "correct" by researchers (make participants blind to purpose of actual study and researchers treat all the same way)
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| Social Desirability | Offering socially desirable responses or behaviors in fear of negative social judgement (stress importance of honesty)
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| Random Selection (in Sampling) | How you draw the sample of people from a population
Most related to external validity (generalizability) of results - better represent the larger group from which they're drawn
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| Random Assignment (experimental design) | How you assign the sample that you draw to different groups or treatments in your study
Most related to internal validity - helps assure that our treatment groups are similar to each other or equal prion to the treatment.
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| Positive Correlation | As one increases, the other one increases too
Ex. number of hours of sleep & GPA
(more sleep, higher GPA)
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| Negative Correlation | As one increases, the other one decreases
Ex. number of hours of sleep & level of anxiety
(more sleep = less anxious)
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| Operationalization | Process of defining variables into measurable factors. Defines fuzzy concepts so they can be measures, empirically and quantitatively.
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| Conceptual Variable | Expressed in general, subjective, qualitative terms
Objective definition is required to measure
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| Operational Variable | Subjective - quantitative - not
Describes what is being measured and how
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| External Validity | Extent to which findings from a study generalize to the population
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| Probability Sampling | All elements in the population have some opportunity of being included in the sample
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| Convenience Sampling | Researchers use any individual avaliable
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