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OAT Bio
Chapter 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| heterotrophs vs autotrophs | depend on outside forces for food vs. can make own nutrients |
| coacervate droplets | cluster of colloidal molecules surrounded by a shell of water; the stable ones led to first primitive cells |
| first primitive cells | possessed nucleic acid polymers and were capable of reproduction |
| protoplasm | substance of life; contains CHONPS and other minerals |
| Atoms vs. Molecules | Atoms are the unit of elements that combine by chemical bonding to form molecules which are the units of compounds |
| Inorganic compounds | salts and HCl, no Carbon |
| Organic Compounds | Contain carbon; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| Monosaccharides | Simple sugars like glucose and fructose |
| glucose | C6H12O6, CHO-OH-H-OH-OH-CH2OH |
| Disaccharides | composed of two monosaccharides; joined by dehydration synthesis (loss of water) |
| Maltose | Glucose + glucose |
| Sucrose | Glucose + Fructose |
| Polysaccharides | polymers/chains of monosaccharide subunits; glycogen, starch, and cellulose are examples; insoluble in water |
| Cellulose | 1, 4 beta-D Glucose Polymer |
| Starch | 1, 4 alpha-D Glucose Polymer |
| Hydrolysis | Addition of water to break large polymers into smaller subunits |
| Lipids | CHO but more H than O; glycerol with 3 fatty acid molecules; acidic cuz of carboxylic acid and hydrophobic cuz of carbon side chains |
| Lipids (etc) | takes 3 dehydration reactions to form triglycerol ; food storage in animals, release the most energy, insulation, protection against injury (fatty, adipose tissue) |
| Phospholipid | glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group and nitrogen containing alcohol |
| Waxes | esters of fatty acids and monohydroxylic alcohols; protective coatings on skin, fur, leaves, exoskeletons |
| Steroids | 3 fused cyclohexane rings and 1 cyclopentane ring; cholesterol, sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen) and corticosteroids |
| Carotenoids | carbon chains with conjugated double bonds and 6 membered carbon rings at each end; produce red yellow orange brown in animals and plants |
| Carotenes and Xanthophylls | types of carotenoids |
| Porphyrins | 4 joined pyrrole rings (often complexed with a metal) so porphyrin heme is complexed with Iron in hemoglobin |
| Proteins | CHON but sometimes S and P (polymer of AA); structure - C with NH2, COOH, H, and a R group |
| peptide bonds | how AA are connected to form polypeptides |
| Primary structure of Protein | sequence of AA in a protein |
| Secondary structure of Protein | when proteins coil/fold to form alpha helices and beta pleated sheets |
| Simple proteins | composed of AA |
| Albumins/Globulins | globular in nature, functional proteins tht act as carriers or enzymes, found in serum |
| Scleroproteins | fibrous in nature, structural proteins (collagen) |
| Conjugated Proteins | a simple protein portion and one nonprotein fraction |
| Lipoprotein | lipid plus protein |
| Mucoprotein | carbohydrate plus protein |
| Chromoprotein | pigmented molecules plus protein |
| Metalloproteins | protein around metal ion |
| Nucleoprotein | nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) plus protein |
| Hormones | proteins that are chemical messengers secreted into the circulation (insulin) |
| Enzymes | catalysts tht increase rate of chemical rxns without being changed, -ases |
| Structural Proteins | contribute to physical support of a cell; can be extracellular or intracellular |
| Transport Proteins | carriers of important materials (cytochromes carry electrons during cellular respiration |
| Antibodies | bind to pathogens and start the processes needed to kill the pathogens |
| Enzymes | regulate metabolism; affect rxn rate by lowering activation E; proteins, some conjugated proteins with co-enzyme |
| Enzymes Specificity | Very selective, acts on substrate by having it bind at active site on enzyme |
| Lock and Key Theory | enzyme's active site is exactly complementary to spatial structure of its substrate like lock and key |
| Induced Fit Theory | active site has flexibility of shape so conformation of active site changes to fit the substrate |
| Enzyme Reversibility | Most enzyme rxns are reversible; enzyme tht synthesizes maltose from glucose can also hydrolyze maltose back to glucose |
| Enzyme action/rxn rate | depend on factors like temp, pH, and concentration of enzyme/substrate |
| Effects of Temp | As temp increases, rxn rate increases until optimal temp (40 C) and then heat deactivates enzyme which leads to rapid drop in rxn rate |
| Effects of pH | optimal pH, below or above this and enzyme action declines (7.2 for most body enzymes) |
| Effects of Concentration | when enzyme and substrate is low, rxn rate is low but rate will increase with addition of substrate until all active sites are filled and max velocity is reached then addin substrate does nun |
| Lactose | glucose plus galactose |
| Enzyme Activity Examples | Hydrolysis and synthesis (dehydration for example) |
| Cofactors | nonprotein molecule like metal ions or coenzymes that binds to enzyme to activate it |
| Prosthetic Groups | cofactors that bind to enzyme by strong covalent bonds |
| Nucleic Acids | made of nucleotides (sugar, base, phosphate); CHONP, have all info needed for organisms to make proteins and replicate |
| Cell Theory | All things are composed of cells, the cell is basic unit of life, cells come from pre-existing cells, cells carry DNA that's passed from parent to child cell, energy flow occurs in cells |
| Magnification vs Resolution | increase in size vs differentiation of close objects |
| Light microscope, Phase contrast microscopy, and electron microscopy | 1. reg microscope, specimen must be dead (on a slide) 2. look at living specimen 3. allow way higher magnification with beam of electrons, dead cell |
| Centrifugation | separating cells/mixtures by spinning in centrifuge; denser stuff at bottom like nuclei, ER, and mito |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | cell membrane is phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded, selectively permeable, hydrophobic inside hydrophilic outside |
| Nucleus | where cell division occurs, has DNA packed within histones to form chromosomes |
| Nucleolus | dense structure in nucleus where rRNA is made |
| Ribosome | protein production, bound ones on ER, free ones in cytoplasm |
| ER | transports materials (mainly those that will be excreted by cell) throughout cell |
| Golgi Apparatus | receives vesicles from ER, modifies the contents and repackages em into vesicles again then exocytosis |
| Mitochondria | aerobic respiration so supplies energy |
| Cytoplasm | metabolic activity happens here, transport occurs by CYCLOSIS (streaming movement of cytoplasm) |
| Vacuole | membrane-bound sacs that transports and stores shit (in plants) |
| Centrioles | microtubule involved in spindle organization during cell division (not in plants) |
| Lysosome | vesicles that have hydrolytic enzymes for digestion |
| Autolysis | cell suicide, ruptures lysosome membrane releasing the enzymes |
| Cytoskeleton | has microtubules and microfilaments, maintains cell shape by supporting it |
| Simple Diffusion | movement of particles down gradient from high to low concentration. Passive. No E needed |
| Osmosis | simple diffusion of water (low solute to high solute which means high water to low water) |
| Hypertonic Solution | a lot of solute outside of cell so water flows out leading to plasmolysis (shriveling) |
| Hypotonic | water flows into cell causing swelling and lysing |
| Facilitated Diffusion | movement of particles from high to low concentration (down gradient) via channels or carriers. No E cuz passive |
| Active Transport | movement of particles against gradient from low to high concentration with help of transport proteins. E needed. |
| Brownian Movement (intracellular circulation) | spreading movement of suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm via KE created by collisions |
| Cyclosis/Streaming (intracellular circulation) | circular motion of cytoplasm around transport molecules |
| ER (intracellular circulation) | provides passageway from plasma membrane to the nuclear membrane |
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JaeBae4444
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