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ESM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Air pollution | Changes in chemical composition of atmosphere/ effects plant and animal health |
| Human sources | auto exhaustion, factory, forest fire/ toxic and persistent |
| Natural Sources | grass fire, forest fire, soil erosion, volcanic eruptions, sea spray |
| Primary pollutants | released directly in their harmful form |
| Secondary pollutants | converted to hazardous in the atmosphere |
| VOCs | organic(human synthesized) chemicals that evaporate readily and exist as a gas in the atmosphere |
| Point source pollution | identifiable discharge source |
| Non point source | dispersed, no specific location |
| Atmospheric deposition | long range transport |
| Grasshopper effect | contaminants transported in a series |
| 7 major | pollutants and unconventional pollutants |
| sulfur compounds | 25% human generated/ coal natural gas, colorless corrosive gas, ACID RAIN |
| nitrogen compounds | auto emissions and electric power plants, Fossil fuels, soil bacteria, coal combustion |
| CO carbon monoxide | colorless, odorless, non-irritating gas, incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, land clearing, cooking fires, Highly toxic |
| Metals | pb lead, metabolic poisoning causing some level of mental retardation- 20% of inner city children, paint, water pipes, gasoline/ mercury- fish consumption/as arsenic- coal, smelters pesticides |
| Halogens | bromine, fluorine, chlorine and iodine- reactive and toxic in elemental form CFCs 600 million tons persist phased out |
| Particulate Matter | aerosols, asbestos, cigarette smoke, soot, ash, dust, pollen |
| VOCs - volatile organic compounds | plants generate natural/ humans generate 28 million metric tons a year/ benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride, phenols, chloroform, TCE trichloroethylene |
| Indoor air pollution | usually higher than outside, smoking, asbestos, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride, radon, combustion gasses |
| Water resources use and management | critical for life hydrologic cycle |
| Purification process | evaporation and sublimation leave salts and sediment behind |
| Zone of aeration | soil pores hold sir and water |
| Zone of saturation | pores full of water |
| Water table | line divides zone of aeration and zone of saturation |
| Aquifer | porous water bearing layer |
| Recharge Zone | areas water infiltrates to replenish ground water |
| rate of removal | in greater than rate of recharge |
| Cone of depression | drawn down area adjacent to a heavily pumped well |
| Salt water intrusion | coastal areas where salt water infiltrates into fresh water |
| Sink holes | cavern collapse due to excess removal of water, oil, natural gas |
| subsidence | porous formation decreases in elevation |
| Fresh water bodies | lakes rivers/ human use/ ecosystem importance |
| Wetlands | 20% of US landmass prior to Europeans settlement/ >50% destroyed and altered/ habitat for many species filter sediment/pollutions |
| Impervious surface | do not allow water to penetrate |
| Water pollution | any physical, chemical, or biological change that impacts plants or animals |
| pathogens | most serious/ typhoid, cholera, dysentery, coliform, listeria, salmonella, polio, guinea worm/ human and animal waste |
| Eutrohication | water source becomes a bog/ increase in nutrient levels and biological activity |
| Thermal pollution | water entering a water body at a higher or lower temperature than normal |
| Municipal water treatment | 3 phase process |
| primary phase | uses a series of screens to separate out solids |
| secondary phase | treats effluent(liquid)- biological degradation of organic compounds |
| Tertiary phase | uses chemicals to bind N&P and some metals |
| Constructed wetlands | designed to treat municipal waste water |
| Clean water act of 1972 | goal to make surface waters fishable and swimmable/ focused of point source pollution/ non point source still a problem |
| Layered sphere | crustal plates slide slowly across the underlying mantle |
| Rock cycle | relentless formation and destruction of rocks, minerals, and earth materials |
| Physical weathering | physically breaking rocks or minerals into smaller particles |
| Chemical weathering | water and/or natural acids combined with appropriate temperature cause chemical changes |
| Minerals | have a defined composition |
| Rocks | mixtures of minerals |
| Sedimentary rocks | form from rock or mineral fragments that form new rock or evaporate deposit |
| Igneous rocks | form from cooling of molten lava or magma |
| Metamorphic rocks | form from existing rock subject to pressure, temperature, and/or chemical solutions/ source of metal ores- gold silver copper/ gemstones- diamond, garnet, emerald |
| Mining | strip mining, underground mine, mountain top removal, open pit mines |
Created by:
larissa174
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