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LD BIO REVIEW PT 3
LD BIO REVIEW PT 3 - EVOLUTION, ECOLOGY & HUMAN IMPACT
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| EVOLUTION | Process by which organisms have changed over time from simple, single-celled; complex-singled-celled: complex, multicellular to complex organisms. |
| NATURAL SELECTION | Nature selects those individuals who are best fit for the environment |
| OVERPRODUCTION | More offspring are produced than can survive |
| COMPETITION | Fight for limited resources |
| VARIATION | Differences among organisms in a species (sexually reproducing organisms have more variation than asexually reproducing organisms) |
| ADAPTIVE VALUE | Any trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions |
| EXTINCTION | Disappearance of an entire species caused by failure to adapt to a changing environment. Occurs when the environment changes and the species cannot adapt. |
| ANCESTRY | Cladograms or family tree |
| ECOLOGY | Study of how organisms interact with the living and nonliving things; how they interact & survive in their environment |
| BIOTIC FACTORS | Living parts of the ecosystem (i.e.: plants and animals); competing with other organisms for food, space, mates, niches) |
| ABIOTIC FACTORS | Non-living (physical & chemical) parts of the environment that affect capacity of organisms to live and reproduce (i.e.: rocks, airs, ph, sunlight); |
| NICHE | Species role in it's environment (it's job and what it eats); Only one species per niche; competition occurs between organisms attempting to occupy the same niche. |
| POPULATION | All the organisms of a species that live in the same area |
| COMMUNITY | All the different populations in an area |
| BIOSPHERE | All of earth's ecosystems; divided into biomes |
| COMPETITION | The struggle for resources among organisms |
| LIMITING FACTORS | The living and non-living things in the environment that limit the size of populations. (i.e.: food, shelter, sun, space, oxygen) |
| CARRYING CAPACITY | Maximum population (# or organisms of any species) that an ecosystem can support |
| PREDATORS | Kill and eat other organisms called prey |
| AUTOTROPHS | (producers) make their own food by photosynthesis |
| HETEROTROPHS | must eat something for food (consumers) |
| HERBIVORES | can only eat plants |
| CARNIVORES | can only eat animals; predators & scavengers |
| OMNIVORES | eats plants & animals (i.e.: Humans) |
| CONSUMERS | same as heterotrophs |
| DECOMPOSERS | Break organisms down and return nutrients to the soil. They are the recyclers; Also known as Saprophytes |
| SCAVENGERS | eat dead organisms that they did not kill themselves (i.e.: vultures) |
| PARASITES | live off of another organism (host) and do not kill them usually |
| PRODUCERS | same as autotrophs |
| FOOD CHAIN | Diagram of the linear feeding relationship of organisms in an ecosystem; All begin with producers (autotroph or plant), end with a decomposer, arrows show the direction of the energy flow |
| FOOD WEB | A diagram composed of many interlocking food chains. More accurate than a food chain because most organisms eat more than one type of food in their environment |
| SUN | Primary source of life energy on the earth |
| ENERGY PYRAMID | Diagram showing the energy available at each trophic level. Bottom layer (producers) has the greatest amount of energy and amount of energy. Decreased by 90% at each level as you move up through the pyramid. |
| SELF-SUSTAINING ECOSYSTEM | Constant source of energy (Sun), a process to capture the energy & store it in organic molecules (photosynthesis), & way to recycle elements back to the ecosystem (decomposers) |
| ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION | Each organism modifies the environment until a stable climax community is reached. (i.e.: pioneer organisms --> climax community) |
| MATERIAL CYCLES | Carbon/Oxygen, Water, & Nitrogen |
| CARBON/OXYGEN CYCLE | Photosynthesis/Respiration |
| WATER CYCLE | Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation |
| NITROGEN CYCLE | N2, Nitrogen fixing bacteria, plants, animals, waste; takes nitrogen from the atmosphere and change it into nitrates. |
| BIODIVERSITY | Measurement of the degree to which species vary within an ecosystem. More species present in an ecosystem the higher the biodiversity. As biodiversity increases, the stability of an ecosystem increases |
| RENEWABLE RESOURCES | those than can be replenish themselves if not abused (ie: planting of trees) |
| NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES | those that take a long time to replace or form (i.e.: coal or oil) |
| PRESERVING RESOURCES | Reduce, Reuse & Recycle |
| REDUCE | Cut down on the amount used (i.e.: smaller packaging) |
| REUSE | Use it for another application (i.e.: ole tires as flower planters) |
| RECYCLE | Can be used to make the product again (i.e.: pop bottles) |
| POLLUTION | Harmful change in the chemical makeup of the air, water or soil |
| DIRECT HARVESTING | the destruction or loss of a species by over hunting |
| LAND USE | finding the best way to live in the environment; building around trees instead of cutting them down and planting new ones |
| HABITAT DESTRUCTION | destroying a part of the natural environment |
| DEFORESTATION | removing forests for wood or clearing trees for farms |
| IMPORTED SPECIES | invasive species or exotic species (i.e.: purple loosestrife; zebra mussels, dandelions) |
| INDUSTRIALIZATION | increases pollution of air and water; use more energy, water, fossil and nuclear fuels |
| WATER POLLUTION | from sewage, wastes from homes and factories and animals wastes |
| TOXIC WASTES | DDT |
| THERMAL POLLUTION | Heat Pollution |
| AIR POLLUTION | Burning fossil fuels |
| ACID RAIN | Sulfur & nitrogen compounds in air pollution dissolve in the moisture of the atmosphere to form acids, causing raid to have a low ph. Kills trees and destroys historical artifacts |
| pH SCALE | 14 < -----basic ----> 7 <------acid -----> 0 |
| GLOBAL WARNING | An increase in the earth's temperature caused by an increase in greenhouse gases. |
| OZONE DEPLETION | Hole in ozone layer caused by use of fluorocarbons. Acts as a sunblock for all organisms on the earth. |
| CLASSIFICATION | A system for grouping related organisms based on similarities in structure, biochemistry, and embryology. |
| KINGDOMS | Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plants, & Animals |
| KINGDOMS | Largest Grouping & Most diverse |
| SPECIES | Smalles Grouping & Least Diversity |
| SCIENTIFIC NAME | Genus + Species |
| CLASSIFICATION | KIngdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| MONERA | Unicellular, Producer/Consumer, Progkaryote, no nuclear membrane (ie: bacteria) |
| PROTIST | Unicellular, Producer/Consumer, Eukaryote, has nucleus (ie: protozoa, algae) |
| FUNGI | Multicellular (some unicellular), Consumer, Eukaryote, have cell walls (ie: yeast, molds, mushrooms) |
| PLANT | Multicellular, Autotrophic, Producer, Eukaryote; Two Main Phyla: Bryophytes (no vascular tissue - Ie: Moss) & Tracheophytes (vascular tissue (ie: xylem & phloem) |
| ANIMALS | Multicellular, Heterotrophic, Consumer, Eukaryote, No cell wall; Four Phyla Well: Coelenterates (hydra, two cell layers), Annelids (earthworms, segmented), Arthropods (grasshopper, exoskeleton, appendages, exoskeleton), Chordates (dorsal nerve cord) |
| GEOLOGIC RECORD | Organisms today share many characteristics of old fossils (related) |
| CYTOLOGY | All organisms are made up of one or more cells |
| BIOCHEMISTRY | Similar in all organisms; All contain DNA/RNA & have similar proteins/enzymes) |
| ANATOMY | Many organisms have similar features (body parts0 |
| HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES | Similar structure, different function (i.e.: human arm & whale flippers); shows relationships/common ancestor) |
| ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES | Similar function, different structure (i.e.: bird wing & insect wing); not related - result of convergent evolution |
| VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES | Remnants of "once used" structures (evidence of ancestry) |
| EMBRYOLOGY | Similarities of early embryo stages in many different organisms |
| LAMARCK | Theory of "use and disuse"; Inheritance of "acquired traits" (proven wrong by Weisman) |
| DARWIN | Theory of Natural Selection |
| REPRODUCTION | Fittest survive & transmit their helpful traits to offspring |
| SPECIATION | Individuals become so different from original population they lose the ability to interbreed (New Species) |
| MODERN THEORY OF EVOLUTION | Still accept all of Darwin's ideas, but includes sources of variations among individuals in a population |
| MUTATIONS | Genetic changes |
| ORIGIN OF LIFE | Hypotheses of how life may have originated |
| SPONTANEOUS GENERATION | Original Hypothesis; disproven by experiments of Redi and Pastuer |
| HETEROTROPH HYPOTHESIS | Currently accepted hypothesis; Primitive Earth, Synthesis, & Earliest Life |
| ECOSYSTEM | Living things interacting with non-licing environment (fish tank, river, 1 square meter); Needs energy, living organisms that can use energy, must be a recycling of materials between organisms & environment |
| AQUATIC BIOMES | Largest ecosystems on earth; 70% of earth's surface is covered by water & more organisms live there than on land. More stable than terrestrial biomes, temp varies less, depends on avail 02 & CO2, temp, light, amt of dissolved minerals & suspended parts |
| MARINE BIOME | Most stable, Most photosynthesis; Oceans, constant supply of nutrients and salts |
| FRESHWATER BIOME | Ponds, lakes, streams, rivers. Vary in size, current temp, gases & particles, & rate of succession. Ponds & lakes tend to fill in due to erosion & dead plant accumulations & turn into swamps & a climax terrestrial community develops |
| SYMBIOSIS | Relationship between two organisms; Commensalism, Mutualism, & Parasitism |
| COMMENSALISM | One benefits, other is not affected (i.e.: barnacles on whale) |
| MUTUALISM | Both organisms benefit (i.e.: N-Fixing bacteria in roots) |
| PARASITISM | One benefits & the other is harmed (i.e.: athletes's foot, tape worm) |
| PYRAMID OF BIOMASS | Amount of organic matter in an ecosystem, decreases as you move up the pyramid from producer to higher-level consumers. (i.e.: algae --> copepods -> minnows --> bass) |
| HABITAT | The environment & organism lives in. When there are several species sharing a habitat, there is competition |
| NEGATIVE HUMAN ACTS | Overhunting, importation of organisms, exploitation, poor land management, polluted waters from detergents, heavy metals, acid rain, chemicals like DDT disturb food webs. |
| POSITIVE HUMAN ACTS | Population control, conservation of resources, pollution controls, species preservation, biological pest controls |
| NITRIFYING BACTERIA | Convert ammonia into nitrates |
| DENITRIFYING BACTERIA | Break down ammonia and nitrates into free atmospheric nitrogen (opposite of nitrogen fixing) |
| BIOMES | Named for climax vegetation; change with increasing latitude and altitude. |
| FOSSILS | Sedimentary rock; lower layers contains older, primitive fossils; upper layers contain newer, more complex fossils. |
| FOSSIL RECORDS | Documentation of the earth's history through the study of remains or traces of organisms that no longer live. |
| GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION | Geographic barrier (mountain, river) separates populations so that they cannot interbreed. Overtime the two populations could become so different that they cannot interbreed and they have formed two new species |
| GRADUALISM | Small changes over a long period of time |
| PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM | Long periods of stability interrupted by geologically brief periods of change |
| SUCCESSION | Replacement of one community by another |
Created by:
desilva13
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