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LD BIO REVIEW PT 2
LD BIO REVIEW PT 2 - REPRODUCTION & GENETICS
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| CELL DIVISION | Mitosis & Meiosis |
| MITOTIC DIVISION | Asexual reproduction |
| MITOTIC DIVISION | One cell division (1 --> 2) |
| MITOTIC DIVISION | Parent cell divides equally to produce 2 identical daughter cells |
| MITOTIC DIVISION | Genetic makeup identical to parent; 2n - Diploid # |
| MITOTIC DIVISION | To produce Identical cells used for growth and repair |
| MEIOTIC DIVISION | Sexual reproduction |
| MEIOTIC DIVISION | Two cell divisions (1 --> 4) |
| MEIOTIC DIVISION | Parent cell divides twice to produce either 4 sperm cells or (female) 3 polar bodies + 1 egg (ovum) |
| MEIOTIC DIVISION | Genetic make-up 1/2 of the parent cell 1n - Haploid # |
| MEIOTIC DIVISION | To produce sex cells with 1/2 of the species chromosome number |
| MITOSIS | Used for growth, repair and asexual reproduction; Interphase chromosomes replicate |
| MEIOSIS | Occurs only in the male and female gonads and solely produces gametes |
| GONADS | Sex Glands (ovaries and testis) |
| GAMETES | Sex cells that unite in fertilization to form a zygote |
| ZYGOTE | Fertilized Egg (Sperm + Egg) |
| FERTILIZATION | When a male and female gamete unite. If the gametes each have 23 chromosomes, then what does their zygote have? 46 |
| DIFFERENTIATION | Process that transforms developing cells into specialized cells with different structures and functions; tissues are specialized group of cells |
| FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | Vagina, uterus, ovaries, & oviducts |
| UTERUS | where the embryo (baby) develops |
| OVARIES | female gonads that produce the egg and important female hormones |
| PLACENTA | the organ that is attached to the baby via the umbilical cord and provides nutrients, oxygen to the fetus and removes waste through the process of diffusion; mother and baby's blood does not mix |
| OVIDUCTS | where fertilization occurs; also known as fallopian tubes |
| MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | Testes & scrotum |
| TESTES | Male gonads that produce sperm and male hormones like testosterone |
| ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION | Using sperm from a donor |
| AMNIOCENTESIS | Removing some of the cells from the amniotic fluid which protects the fetus and analyzing their DNA |
| KARYOTYPE | A visual male of chromosomes; can be used to see if the fetus has any chromosomal problems (Ie: down syndrome - 3 copies of chromosome #21) |
| CANCER | Occurs when certain genetic mutations in a cell can result in uncontrolled cell division. Can be caused by either heredity or environmental factors like radiation, chemicals or virus. |
| HEREDITY | The passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through reproduction. |
| DNA | Hereditary information (organized in the form of genes location in the nucleus of each cell); double-stranded helix polymer of nucleotides that contains the genetic code of the individual |
| ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION | Identical Cells |
| ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION | One parent |
| ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION | Little genetic variation |
| ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION | Ameba, Paramecium, & Fungi |
| ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION | Mitosis |
| SEXUAL REPRODUCTION | Not identical cells |
| SEXUAL REPRODUCTION | Two parents |
| SEXUAL REPRODUCTION | Much genetic variation |
| SEXUAL REPRODUCTION | Humans & Plants |
| SEXUAL REPRODUCTION | Meiosis & Fertilization |
| CLONES | Identical genetic copies |
| NUCLEOTIDE | Basic unit of DNA which is made of a Phosphate, a Sugar and a Base |
| DNA BASES | A (adenine), T (thymine), G (guanine), C (cytosine) |
| A IS PAIRED WITH (DNA) | T |
| G IS PAIRED WITH (DNA) | C |
| RNA | Single stranded polymer that is produced by DNA; Involved in the synthesis of proteins |
| TYPES OF RNA | Messenger, Transfer, & Ribosomal |
| RNA BASES | A, U, G, C |
| PROTEIN SYNTHESIS | DNA is stuck in the nucleus, sends a messenger single-stranded mRNA to the ribosome where the ribosome reads the message & directs the tRNA to bring it AA. Ribosome then assembles the AA together in the correct order to make a protein. |
| MUTATION | Any alteration of the DNA sequence which changes the normal message carried by the gene; To be inherited it must occur in the reproductive cell (gametes) |
| TYPES OF MUTATIONS | Substitution, Deletion, Addition, & Inversion |
| SUBSTITUTION | One base is put in the place of another |
| DELETION | A base is left out |
| ADDITION | A base is added |
| INVERSION | Bases are switched |
| GENE EXPRESSION | An organism's environment can affect the way that some genes are expressed. (i.e.: Himalayan Rabbit - fur is influenced by temperature) |
| GENETIC ENGINEERING | A technology that humans use to alter genetic instructions in organisms |
| GENE SPLICING | Cutting DNA and placing it into another organism (i.e.: Insulin - putting the gene for insulin into bacteria, and the bacteria produces insulin for humans) |
| RESTRICTION ENZYME | An enzyme that cuts off DNA in specific places and is an essential tool in gene splicing as well as in Gel-electro phoresis. |
| DNA FINGERPRINT | Gel phoresis; just like a bar code the more common the bars the more common heritage or ancestry |
| SELECTIVE BREEDING | A process of picking parents with favorable traits to produce those traits in the offspring (i.e.: domestic animals and hybridization of plants) |
| SPECIES | A group of closely related organisms that share certain characteristics and can produce offspring capable of reproduction |
| TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION | Budding, Binary Fission, Regeneration, Sporulation & Vegetative Propagation |
| BUDDING | Type of asexual reproduction in which the division of the cytoplasm is unequal and the offspring is smaller than the parent cell. |
| BINARY FISSION | Type of asexual reproduction in which parent cell divides into two daughter cells of approximately the same size. |
| REGENERATION | Type of asexual reproduction; happens in undifferentiated tissues |
| SPORULATION | Types of asexual reproduction; Molds and Mushrooms |
| VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION | Type of asexual reproduction; Plants; i.e.: grafting |
| RUNNERS | Aboveground stems (ie: strawberries) |
| RHIZOMES | Underground stems (ie: grasses) |
| BULBS | Underground stems specialized for food storage. The food is stored in the thick leaves of the bulb. Each bulb can develop into a new plant. (ie: Onions) |
| TUBERS | Underground stems that contain stored food. (ie: potatoes) |
| CUTTINGS | Replanted stem/leaf or root (i.e.: roses, sugar canes, & bananas) |
| GRAFTING | Cutting from one plant attached to a rooted plant (i.e.: scion keeps its own identity) |
| SYNOPSIS | Pairing of homologous chromosomes forming a "tetrad" (group of 4 chromosomes) |
| DISJUNCTION | Tetrads are pulled apart |
| SPERMATOGENESIS | Produces sperm (male gametes). 4 result from each original cell |
| OOGENESIS | Produces ova (eggs - female gametes). |
| EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION | Outside of the female body; Needs watery environment (i.e. fish, amphibians); Overproduction of eggs and sperm to ensure fertilization |
| INTERNAL FERTILIZATION | Within oviduct of female. Occurs in Land animals (i.e.: mammals, birds); Fertilization is more likely |
| CLEAVAGE | Mitotic divisions of Zygote into 2, then 4, then 8 cells |
| GERM LAYERS | Ectoderm, Mesoderm, & Endoderm |
| ECTODERM | Structures formed: nervous system, skin, hair & nails |
| MESODERM | Muscles, circulatory system, skeleton, excretory system, testes or ovaries |
| ENDODERM | Lining of digestive and respiratory tracts, parts of the liver and the pancreas |
| SCROTUM | Sac that holds testes; keeps temperature lower for sperm production |
| MENSTRUAL CYCLE | Follicle Stage, Ovulation, Corpus Luteum Stage, & Menstruation |
| FOLLICLE STAGE | Egg matures in follicle; uterine lining thickens; Around Day 14 |
| OVULATION | Mature egg released from follicle |
| CORPUS LUTEUM STAGE | Burst follicle develops into corpus luteum; further thickening of uterine lining |
| MENSTRUATION | If egg is not fertilized, leaves body along with uterine lining and blood. |
| IN VITRO FERLIZATION | Fertilization of egg and sperm outside of a woman's body ("test tube baby") |
| FRATERNAL TWINS | Develop when two eggs are released at one time and each egg is fertilized by a different sperm |
| IDENTICAL TWINS | Develop from one zygote that separates in half early in cleavage |
| GREGOR MENDEL | Offspring receive "factors" from both parents; produce combination (genes not known at this time) |
| DOMINANCE | Only 1 trait is expressed in a hybrid (Ie: tall x short --> tall); D |
| INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE | Hybrid is a blend of traits (i.e.: red x blue --> purple); d |
| CO-DOMINANCE | Both traits are expressed at the same time (i.e.: black x white --> black and white) |
| HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT | DD |
| HETEROZYGOUS (HYBRID) | Dd |
| HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE | dd |
| HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES | Pairs of chromosomes that carry the same characteristics |
| ALLELES | Pairs of genes that carry the same characteristics and are found at the same locations on pairs of homologous chromosomes. |
| RECESSIVE | Trait that is hidden by the dominant trait |
| GENOTYPE | Combination of alleles; What genes are present (i.e.: Bb) |
| PHENOTYPE | Physical Appearance; What is expressed (brown) |
| GENE-CHROMOSOME THEORY | - Chromosomes located in the nucleus of the cell are made up of tiny units called genes - Genes carry hereditary information and are found at specific locations along homologous chromosomes |
| CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS | Change in number or structure of chromosomes |
| NONDISJUNCTION | Pairs of homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis (1 chromosome more less) (i.e.: Down Syndrome) |
| A IS PAIRED WITH (RNA) | U |
| C IS PAIRED WITH (RNA) | G |
| DNA REPLICATION | Occurs during cell division (mitosis) |
| PROTEIN FORMATION | Transcription & Translation |
| TRANSCRIPTION | DNA --> mRNA; occurs in the nucleus |
| TRANSLATION | mRNA --> Amino Acid; Occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome (with help of tRNA) |
| MULTIPLE ALLELES | Blood Types; A, B and O |
| SEX DETERMINATION | Determined by sperm (XX- Female & XY - Male) |
| STAMEN | Male reproductive organs of flowers; consists of an anther |
| PETAL | nectar, promote cross pollination |
| PISTIL | Female part of the flower |
| SEPAL | leaf-like structures at the base of flowers |
| RECEPTACLE | the expanded end of the pedicel, to which the flower parts are attached |
| ANTHER | Makes pollen; site of meiosis; filament |
| POLLEN GRAINS | Male gametophyte of seed plants |
| FILAMENT | Starlike part of a stamen that supports the anther |
| STIGMA | in a pistil, the enlarged, sticky knob on top of a style that receives the pollen |
| STYLE | the part of the pistil between the stigma and the ovary |
| OVULE | In seed plants, a structure within the ovary that contains a female gametophyte and that develops into a seed after fertilization |
| OVARY | the basal part of the pistil which contains ovules and later seeds and which develops into a fruit |
| POLLINATION | Transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of a flower |
| FRUIT | Ripened ovary |
| PLANT EMBRYO | Is made up of the hypocotyl, epicotyl & cotyledons |
| HYPOCOTYL | Develops into the roots, and, in some species the roots |
| EPICOTYL | Forms the upper part of the stem and leaves |
| COTYLEDONS | Contain nutrients for the developing plant embryo; seed leaves |
| GERMINATION | Seed begins to grow; conditions needed are oxygen, correct temperature, & moisture |
| MERISTEMS | Area of plant growth |
| APICAL MERISTEM | Tips of roots and stems |
| LATERAL MERISTEM | Between xylem & phloem in stem; cambium |
| MENOPAUSE | Complete cessation of menstrual cycle |
| GESTATION | Pregnancy (human - 9 months) |
Created by:
desilva13
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