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Anatomy FINAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the functions of Integumentary System? | 1) First line defense against foreign invaders and other environmental assaults. 2) Thermoregulation 3) Vitamin D synthesis 3) Excretion 4) Immunity |
| langerhans cells function | are derived from white blood cells. These cells present antigens (surface proteins from pathogens) to Immune system cells like T-cells. |
| melanocytes function | Produce melanin, a pigmented protein that protects cells from UV damage. |
| merkels disk function | epithelial cells that are closely bound to sensory receptors. Aid in sensation. |
| kerationcytes function | produce a tough waterproof protein called keratin, that forms a protective barrier. Found in hair, nails, and the epidermis. |
| Describe the process of keratinization, on paper | on paper |
| melanin is made from the amino acid? The enzyme responsible for this conversion is? | tyrosine, tyrosinase |
| What is a mechanism that causes albinism? | Individuals, who are phenotypically albino, have the same number of melanocytes as an individual whose skin, hair, and eyes are pigmented. In albinism, the melanocytes lack the enzyme, tyrosinase, which converts tyrosine into melanin. No pigment produced |
| How do glands contribute to the skin’s protective qualities? | Sweat glands produce lysozymes that can break down bacterial cell walls. Metabolism of sebum produces free fatty acids on the skin’s surface contributing to skin’s acidity/ lactic acid. Acidity is destructive to pathogenic bacteria. |
| chemical alarm that signals inflammation | mast cells--> histamine |
| What happens if a foreign body makes it through the skin’s first defense? | In the epidermis: mast cells in the dermis send out chemical alarms, triggering inflammation. So then WBC's remove foreign substance |
| Give an example of how UV suppresses the immune system. | UV is highly mutagenic to DNA, which damages a cell and all the cells that are derived from it. UV disables antigen presenting cells. Once disabled, they cannot present antigens to the T-cells of the immune system and this defense mechanism is bypassed. |
| epiphysis | the end caps of long bones |
| diaphysis | long shaft portion of long bone (compact bone) |
| periosteum | connective tissue on outside of bone |
| yellow marrow | stores fat, in medullary cavity |
| red marrow | produces white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. found in spongy bone |
| name 5 function of the skeletal system | support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation |
| Name the 4 zones and that changes that are occurring in the tissue in each zone. | Resting Cartilage- Normal hyaline cart. Proliferation- Stacks of hyaline chondrocytes rapidly undergoing mitosis. Bone is lengthened. Hypertrophy- Chondrocytes enlarge, change shape. Calcification- chondrocytes released hardened mineralized bony matrix |
| What are hormones that affect bone growth? | Human Growth Hormone, Estrogen, Testosterone |
| after birth length only occurs in this part of the long bone | epiphyseal plate |
| Describe the role of bone tissue in maintaining homeostasis of blood calcium concentrations levels | When blood calcium levels get low, Osteoclasts break down bone matrix, thereby releasing calcium into the circulatory system.When blood calcium levels become high, osteoblasts become stimulated to increase bone deposition and inhibit osteoclast activity |
| Why are secondary cancers, such as leukemia, a potential side effect when treating bone cancer? | Tissues with high cell turnover are more likely to mutations from radiation therapy.Blood cells in red marrow are continuously being produced and susceptible to DNA mutations: lead to sec.cancers like leukemia b/c the stem cells that mature are damaged |
| What is the function and location of Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts? | Osteocytes- Lacunae, caretaker cells. Osteoblasts-Periosteum, make new bone Ocsteoclasts- Periosteum, Break down bone |
| Atlantooccipital | Ellipsoid, biaxial |
| Intervertebral | plane, uniaixal |
| radioulnar | pivot, uniaxial |
| elbow | hinge, uniaxial |
| What is a stynoses? | Ossified synchondroses (i.e. Epihyseal Line) |
| dorsiflexion | Bringing the foot up towards the shin. |
| Plantar flexion? | standing up on your toes/ball of foot |
| abduction | Movement away from the midline |
| adduction | Movement towards the median |
| rotation? | movement about the long axis |
| pronation | Forearm with palm facing down |
| most joints of the appendicular skeleton are? and are the joints that allow for? | synovial, greatest motion |
| this is the joint with the greatest range of motion | shoulder |
| synovial fluid is produced by ? and ? | articular cartilage, synovial membrane |
| What is the function of the nervous system? | 1) Receive information from the internal and external environment. 2) Process the information. 3) Process a response |
| What are the components of the CNS? PNS? | CNS- Brain and spinal cord PNS-Nerves, sensory receptors, ganglia, plexuses |
| where do the brain and spinal cord join? | Foramen magnum in the occipital bone. |
| Why is the rough ER in Nissl substance so densely covered with ribosomes? | Because of the extensive protein production by the neuron cell, many ribosomes are required. |
| Which directions do axons and dendrites send information? | The axons of neurons send information. The dendrites of neurons receive information. |
| What are 2 ways information is relayed from one neuron to another neuron/effector cell? | 1) Electrical signals (action potential) and 2) Chemical signals (i.e. neurotransmitter) |
| What is the meninges? | Meninges is comprised of dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater. |
| What is grey matter? Found? | matter is comprised of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, and their associated synapses F- in the central area of the spinal cord and surrounded by white matter. In the brain, grey matter makes up the outer cortex and inner nuclei |
| What is White matter? Found? | is comprised of myelinated axons. It is the myelin sheath that gives white matter its color. F- White matter is deeper in the brain. Grey matter is also found in the PNS ganglion |
| What 2 cell characteristics create electrical properties? | 1) The Na+/K+ Pump . 2) Permeability of plasma membrane |
| describe how concentration differences are established both inside and outside of the cell? on paper | on paper |
| What is a dermatome map? | Area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves |
| Other than a video game character, what is Sonic Hedgehog? | A gene that controls (among other things), the formation of the neural tube during embryonic development. |
| Where does the term cauda equina come from? | Because of the resemblance of nerves coming from the sacral foramina to a horse’s tail |
| What is a blood brain barrier | Highly selective permeable barrier that separates the circulating blood from brains extra cellular fluid. |
| what is the “umami” receptor? | A taste receptor “discovered” around 2005 that detects savoriness. This taste is associated with meats and also MSG. Umami is Japanese for, “deliciousness”. |
| Free nerve endings | scattered, can be found on skin, responds to temperature and pain |
| Merkels disk | found in basal (lower) epidermis, light touch and light pressure |
| Muscle spindles | found in muscles, responds to control and tone of muscle |
| Golgi tendon organ | found in tendons, responds to increasing contractions or passive stretching |
| Which special sense has neurons that interact directly with the external environment? | Olfactory |
| Odor molecules we most readily perceive are | Water soluble |
| What is the only major sense that does not go through the thalamus? | Olfactory |
| Which of the papillae have the most sensitive taste buds? | Foliate |
| What are the cranial nerves involved in taste? | facial, glossopharengeal, vagus |
| Sclera | Protects and maintains shape of eye. |
| Cornea | Transparent outer portion of fibrous tunic, thereby allowing light to enter; bends and refracts light. |
| Iris | Controls light entering pupil; reacts to ANS signals. |
| Ciliary body | Produces aqueous humor. |
| Ciliary process | Holds lens in place |
| Pigmented retina | Protects from excessive light |
| Sensory retina | Layer of cells directly stimulated by light |
| What are the three layers of the sensory retina? | Ganglion, Bipolar, Photoreceptor (rods and Cones) |
| Name the 3 tunics and what comprises them? | Fibrous Tunic: Sclera, Cornea. Vascular Tunic: Blood Vessels, Iris, Ciliary Body, Choroid. Nervous Tunic: Pigmented Retina, 3 layered Sensory Retina |
| If a contact slips in your eye, why doesn’t it become lost in the back of your eye? | The conjunctiva forms an envelope with the back of the eyelid. This prevents foreign objects from entering the body and further. |
| Pituitary structure, hormones | sella turcia of spenoid bone, ADH, OT |
| Pineal structure, hormones | Epithalamas, Melatonin |
| Thyroid structure, hormones | Lateral and anterior to trachea, T3, T4, Calsitonin |
| Adrenals structure, hormones | Superior to kidney, Medulla-noraephonephien and epineniphern Cortex- adelostrol, cotrisol |
| Pancreas structure, hormones | inferior and between stomach and diuedumen, Insulin and glucogen |
| Gonads structure, hormones | Testes- scrotum; Ovaries- held by broad ligament to uterus, Testes- Testosterone; Ovaries; Estrogen, Progesterone |
| Hypothalamus structure, hormones | Superior to pituitary gland, GHRH GHIH TRH |
| what amino acid is T3 and T4 derived from | tyrosine |
| Cortisol | Increases blood glucose, inhibits inflammation |
| Estrogen | Female secondary sex characteristics and menstruation, growth and maturation of long bones. |
| Progesterone | Regulation of menstruation, pregnancy, and embryonic development. |
| Testosterone | Spermatogenesis, Male secondary sex characteristics, sexual behavior |
| Growth Hormone | General growth |
| Parathyroid Hormone | Increases blood calcium levels. |
| Calcitonin | Decreases blood calcium levels. |
| Prolactin | Stimulates lactation |
| Insulin | Decreases blood glucose levels |
| Glucagon | Increases blood glucose levels. |
| Melatonin | Regulates sleep/wake cycles, anti-oxidant |
| Oxytocin | Regulates pair-bonding, initiates delivery. |
| Eukaryotic cell | is a cell with DNA bound by a membrane (nucleus) as well as the presence of other membrane bound organelles (golgi body, smooth and rough ER |
| Which one is not a eukaryote. animal, plant, bacteria, or fungi | bacteria |
| Where mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain. | Ribosome |
| Where a polypeptide is manipulated into a 3d shape | Rough ER |
| Site where a protein get a chemical tag marking the protein’s final destination. | Golgi body |
| Holds digestive enzymes for breaking material down such as foreign bodies, food particles, damaged organelles. During fetal development, the lysosome breaks open and destroys the cell itself. This programmed cellular “suicide” is known as apoptosis. | Lysosome |
| Site of lipid synthesis, drug and alcohol detoxification | Smooth ER |
| Describe why butter is solid at room temperature, but vegetable oil is liquid? | Butter- all the fatty acid tails are straight which allows for dense packing. Vegetable oils have a kink in one or more fatty acid tails due to a double bond, and therefore don’t pack as densely |
| What is a base steroid, and why is it called that? | Cholesterol. It is the base molecule from which our sex hormones are produced. |
| how does taxol work | mitosis cannot complete anaphase |
| why does a liver cell have a relatively large amount of Smooth ER | It helps in detoxification and lipid synthesis |
| in nervous tissue this is the cell in which an electoral signal is transmitted | neuron |
| what does a schwann cell do | helps the electrical signal transmit faster |
| what is an enzyme inhibitor | blocks the enzymes ability to react with the substrate |
| competitive inhibitor | sits in the active site |
| non-competitive inhibitor | binds to the enzyme elsewhere and changes the enzyme’s overall shape. |
| Matrix of blood | plasma |
| protein that binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide | hemoglobin |
| they is a carbohydrate that is stored in muscle cells for energy | glycogen |
| this is the passive transport of molecules | diffusion |
| what are the 3 primary germ layers | mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm |
| give an example of an endocrine gland and exocrine gland | endo- thyroid exo-sweat gland |
| name 3 types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
| Salt | Na+ ions diffuse through Na+ channels. |
| Sour | H+ ions either a) enter cell through H+ channels, b) close K+ channels |
Created by:
Khuller
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