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LD BIO REVIEW PT 1
LD BIO REVIEW PT 1 - CELLS, LIFE FUNCTIONS AND HOMEOSTASIS
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| HOMEOSTASIS | The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal balanced environment. Failure to maintain can result in sickness and death. |
| METABOLISM | The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of an organism. |
| ORGANIC MOLECULES | Contain skeleton structures of carbon with hydrogen and oxygen |
| ORGANIC MOLECULES | Carbohydrates (starch), Proteins, Lipids, & Nucleic Acid |
| CARBOHYDRATES | Glucose (simple sugars); found in grains, vegetables, & fruit; main source of energy; 2 to 1 Ratio |
| PROTEINS | Amino Acid (20 kinds); found in meat, egg whites, & beans; important kind enzymes |
| LIPIDS | Glycerol & 3 Fatty acids; found in animal fats, nuts & oils; lots of energy, helps with insulation; parts of cell membrane |
| NUCLEIC ACID | Nucleotide; found in small amounts in all foods |
| ORGANIZATION OF LIVING THINGS | (smallest) Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, & Organisms (biggest) |
| ORGANELLES | The small parts that make up a cell (each has at least one specific function) |
| VACUOLES | Store waste and water (large in plant cells, small in animal cells) |
| RIBOSOME | located on the ER or in cytoplasm; where proteins are made (protein synthesis); very small and often represented by a dot |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Powerhouse of the cell where energy is made; site of cellular respiration in both platen and animal cells |
| FORMULA FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION | Glucose + Oxygen --> Cardon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP) |
| CHLOROPLASTS | Only in plant cells; where the process of photosynthesis occurs |
| FORMULA FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS | Sun's energy + Carbon Dioxide + water --> glucose + water + oxygen |
| NUCLEUS | Control center of the cell and contains DNA (program or code of life); Contains nucleolus & chromosomes |
| CYTOPLASM | Liquid media that fills the cell; mostly water, environment for life functions |
| CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE | Separates the contents of the cell from the outside environment; controls the transport of materials into and out of the cell (selective permeability) |
| CELLULAR COMMUNICATION | Recognizes and responds to chemical signals by using receptor molecules |
| PASSIVE TRANSPORT | Movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (No Energy Used) |
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT | Moving a molecule from low concentration to a high concentration; Uses energy in the form of ATP |
| DIGESTIVE SYSTEM | Breaks down food into nutrients & puts them in the blood stream; Breaking large molecules down into small molecules |
| DIGESTIVE SYSTEM | Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, & rectum |
| DIGESTIVE/ORGANELLES WITH SAME FUNCTION | Vacuole & Lysosome |
| CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | Carries gasses and nutrients throughout the body |
| CIRCULATORY SYTEM | Heart, arteries, veins, & capillaries |
| CIRCULATORY/ORGANELLES WITH SAME FUNCTION | Cytoplasm, ER or Golgi |
| RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | Exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen |
| RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | Lungs, alveoli, & diaphragm |
| RESPIRATORY/ORGANELLES WITH SAME FUNCITON | Cell membrane |
| EXCRETORY SYSTEM | Removes wastes from the blood and then from the body |
| EXCRETORY SYSTEM | Kidneys, bladder, & urethra |
| EXCRETORY/ORGANELLES WITH SAME FUNCTION | Cell membrane or vacuole |
| NERVOUS SYSTEM | Fast control of the functioning of all body systems |
| NERVOUS SYSTEM | Brain, spinal cord, |
| NERVOUS SYSTEM/ORGANELLES WITH SAME FUNCTION | Nucleus |
| ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | Slow control of the functioning of all body systems |
| ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, & Gonads |
| ENDOCRINE SYSTEM/ORGANELLES WITH SAME FUNCTION | Nucleus |
| LIFE FUNCTIONS | Nutrition, Transport, Respiration, Growth, Synthesis, & Reproduction |
| CONTROL | Chemicals produced in the endocrine glands (Hormones) and chemicals produced by nerve cells are primarily responsible for communication between cells; Receptor Sites |
| RESPIRATION | The process used by all organisms to produce energy by using oxygen to burn sugar in order to release energy in the form of ATP; Organelle used Mitochondria |
| TRANSPORT | Involves the movement of materials inside the cell as well as the movement between parts of a multicellular organism; Absorption & Circulation. |
| EXCRETION | Removal of all waste produced by the cells of the body |
| SYNTHESIS | making or building of large molecules from smaller ones |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS | Process of storing the energy from the sun in the chemical bonds of glucose (sugar); Organelle used in this process Chloroplast (plants) |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION | occurs in the mitochondria of all organisms both plants and animals |
| ENZYMES | Special proteins that affect the rate of chemical reactions. Are catalysts used in digestion and synthesis; end in - ace |
| ENZYME REACTION RATES AFFECTED BY | Shape, Temperature, & Ph |
| SHAPE | "Lock and Key Model"; if it is wrong shape it will not work |
| TEMPERATURE | Each enzyme works best at a specific temperature |
| Ph | Each enzyme works best at a specific ph |
| DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM | a steady state-balance; Homeostasis |
| NEGATIVE FEEDBACK | controls hormone levels to maintain homeostasis; (ie: Thermostat in your home) |
| PRIMARY DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASE | Skin and Circulatory System |
| IMMUNITY | body's ability to fight disease; once you have been exposed to a specific virus WBC remember the antigens and produce antibodies that prevent you from getting sick from the same virus for the second time |
| SURFACE RECEPTOR PROTEIN | Molecule found on the cell membrane that the immune system recognizes as either part of the body or an outside invader |
| ANTIGENS | Are the receptor proteins on the membrane of pathogens (germs) |
| ANTIBODIES | Special proteins produces by WBC that can be thought of as your body's army to fight diseases; special shapes that fit over specific antigens; when it fits into the antigen it blocks communication preventing the germ from reproducing and making you sick |
| VACCINATION | Composed of a weakened or dead virus that triggers our WBC to produce antibodies to fight a specific pathogen |
| DISEASES | Caused pathogens (virus, bacterium, & fungus) |
| NUTRITION | Ability to obtain and process food (autotrophic or heterotrophic). Ingestion, digestion, & egestion. |
| GROWTH | Increase in size and number of cells |
| CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS | Complex, made up of one or more cells, use energy, have form and size, limited life span, grow, respond to changes in environment, able to reproduce and evolve. |
| CELL | smallest living things |
| MATTER | anything that has mass and takes up space |
| COMPOUND | made up of 2 or more different atoms bonded together (i.e.: Water) |
| MOLECULE | 2 or more atoms bonded together (i.e.: H2O & H2) |
| ELEMENT | simplest form of matter (i.e.: hydrogen, oxygen) |
| ATOMS | make up all matter. Consist of a nucleus, which contains positively charged protons and neutrons, which have no charge. Negatively charged electrons orbit around the nucleus. |
| INORGANIC COMPOUNDS | Non-living; do not contain both carbon and hydrogen (i.e.: water, CO2) |
| ORGANIC COMPOUNDS | Living; contain both carbon and hydrogen (i.e.: C6H12O6); Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. |
| CARBON | responsible for complexity of organic compounds (and therefore, the complexity and diversity of living things) |
| PROTEINS | Elements: C, H, O, N |
| CARBOHYDRATES | Elements: C, H, O |
| LIPIDS | Elements: C, H, O |
| NUCLEIC ACIDS | Elements: C, H, O, N, P |
| PROTEINS | Functions: muscle, hemoglobin, hormones, enzymes, & antibodies |
| CARBOHYDRATES | Functions: Main source of energy (stored as starch for plants, glycogen in animals) |
| LIPIDS | Functions: back-up source of energy and insulation for mammals |
| NUCLEIC ACIDS | Functions: contain genetic information; responsible for heredity; DNA & RNA |
| ROBERT HOOKE | Discovered cells using a simple microscope. Later developed the compound microscope (1665) |
| ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOOK | Dutch naturalist & lens maker built a microscope that magnified 270x. Discovered bacteria, protozoa, sperm cells, red blood cells and yeast cells (1670) |
| ROBERT BROWN | Discovered the nuclei (nucleus); 1831 |
| MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN | All plants are made up of cells |
| THEODOR SCHWANN | All animals are made up of cells; All living things are made up of cells |
| RUDOLPH VIRCHOW | Cell arise from previously existing cells |
| CELL THEORY | - All living things are made up of cells (basic unit of structure) - They can carry out their own life functions (basic unit of function - All cells arise from previously existing cells (can't be created spontaneously) |
| COMPOUND MICROSCOPE | 2 lenses; Total magnification x objective magnification (low power = 40x; high power = 400x); 1000 microns = 1mm |
| STEREOMICROSCOPE | Dissecting Microscope - to view whole specimens (in 3D) |
| PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPE | To distinguish live cell plants (without stain) |
| ELECTRON MICROSCOPE | Great magnification (to view cell organelles in detail) |
| MICRODISSECTION APPARATUS | Can remove large organelles (i.e.: Nucleus) |
| ULTRACENTRIFUGE | Can separate cell organelles by density |
| CYCLOSIS | Flowing of cytoplasm (transport) |
| ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | Transport system throughout cytoplasm |
| ROUGH ER | With ribosomes |
| SMOOTH ER | No ribosomes |
| LYSOSOMES | Contain digestive enzymes |
| GOLGI BODIES | Package and process wastes |
| CHROMOSOMES | Contain genes (DNA) which store hereditary information |
| CENTRIOLES | Only in animals cells; aid in cell division |
| CELL WALL | Only in plant cells (outside of cell membrane); protects and supports cell (made of cellulose) |
| EXCEPTIONS TO CELL THEORY | - Mitochondria & Chloroplasts - can reproduce themselves (contain DNA) -Viruses can reproduce only in host - Some cells have more than 1 nucleus |
| OSMOSIS | Diffusion of water; high concentration to low concentration; does not require energy |
| DIFFUSION | Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; does not require energy |
| ISOTONIC SOLUTION | Same concentration in and out of cells; no change |
| HYPOTONIC SOLUTION | Lower concentration of substances outside of cell; water moves in; cell swells |
| HYPERTONIC SOLUTION | Higher concentration of substance inside of cell; water moves out; cell shrinks |
| ENDOCYTOSIS | Transporting material in cell |
| EXOCYTOSIS | Transporting out of cell |
| DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS | A type of reaction in which two molecules are bonded together by the removal of a water molecule; removing water to build more complex molecules. |
| HYDROLYSIS | The process by which molecules are broken apart by the addition of water molecules |
| BUILDING BLOCKS | Monosaccharides, Amino Acids & Glycerol & Fatty Acids |
| MACROMOLECULES | Carbohydrate, Protein, & Lipid |
| ENZYMES | Organic catalysts, Speed up or slow down to chemical reactions, Substrate, "Lock & Key" Model, "Induced fit" model, Specific (only work with one substrate), & Reusable |
| FACTORS EFFECT RATE OF ENZYME | Temperature, pH, Enzyme Concentration, & Substrate Concentration |
| GOLGI COMPLEX | Packaging for extracellular transport |
| LYSOSOMES | Contain digestive enzymens |
| AMYLASE | Enzyme for starch digestion |
| ESOPHAGUS | Peristalsis |
| SMALL INTESTINE | All digestion completed |
| MOUTH | Mechanical digestion; start of carbohydrate digestion. |
| GALL BLADDER | Bile storage and secretion |
| LIVER | Makes bile which emulsifies fates |
| PANCREAS | Secretes digestive enzymes |
| POST DIGESTION | Nutrients are absorbed into the blood with the help of villi; Capillaries in villi absorb amino acids and simple sugars lacteals absorb fatty acids and glycerol into lymph system. |
| RED BLOOD CELLS | Hemoglobin for oxygen transport |
| WHITE BLOOD CELLS | Phagocytes; engulf foreign bacteria; lymphocytes; make antibodies |
| PLASMA | Liquid carries enzymes, nutrients, hormones |
| PLATELETS | Clotting |
| ARTERIES | Thick, muscular, carry blood away from heart to body tissues |
| VEINS | Valves, carry blood back to heart |
| CAPILLARIES | Tiny, one cell layer thick site of exchange between blood and intercellular fluid |
| INTERCELLULAR FLUID | Liquid between every cell |
| LYMPH | ICF in a lymph vessel |
| LYMPH NODES | White blood cells filter bacteria and dead cells |
| HEART | 2 Atria & 2 Ventricles |
| EPIGLOTTIS | Muscle flap, covers trachea when swallowing |
| TRACHEA | Cartilage rings, cilia |
| BRONCHI | Cartilage, Cilia, Lead into lungs |
| BRONCHIOLES | No cartilage, end in alveoli |
| ALVEOLI | Air sacs, oxygen diffuses into blood; carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood into alveoli |
| DIAPHRAGM | Muscle below lung creates changes in air pressure |
| MEDULLA | Controls breathing rate based on carbon dioxide levels in the blood (if levels are high, then you breathe more) |
| SWEAT GLANDS | Temperature control, excretes urea, water & salts |
| KIDNEYS | Site of filtration |
| URETER | Tube that carries urine to bladder |
| BLADDER | Stores urine |
| URETHA | Tube that carries urine out of body |
| CEREBRUM | Thinking, memory, voluntary actions |
| CEREBELLUM | Balance, muscle coordination |
| MEDULLA | Involuntary actions (breathing, heartbeat) |
| BONES | Support, protection; Marrow makes blood cells; Provides anchorage sites for muscles; Act as levers |
| CARTILAGE | Flexible support; Cushion joints & end of bones; Trachea, Nose, Ears, Embryonic skeleton |
| MUSCLES | Skeletal, Visceral, & Cardiac |
| SKELETAL MUSCLE | Voluntary, striated, create movement |
| VISCERAL MUSCLE | Smooth, Internal Organs, Cause Peristalsis, Involuntary |
| CARDIAC MUSCLE | Involuntary, Striated |
| TENDONS | Muscle to Bones |
| LIGAMENTS | Bones to Bones |
Created by:
desilva13
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