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NR 250
Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the layering of water based on temperature? | Stratification |
| What are th 3 stratification layers? | Epilimnion, Metalimnion, & Hypolimnion |
| Which stratification layer is at the surface and is the warmest during the summer, and the coldest during the winter? | Epilimnion |
| Which stratification layer is in the middle and mixed? | Metalimnion |
| Which stratification layer is on the bottom, the coldest during the summer, and often oxygen starved? | Hypolimnion |
| What is the seasonal mixing of layers, or "unstratification"? | Turnover |
| Which zone in a lake contains emerging plants, floating plants, and submerged plants? | Littoral zone |
| Which zone in a lake contains only open water? | Limnetic zone |
| Which zone is found at the very bottom of the lake? | Benthic zone |
| Which zone is within the Limnetic zone but only contains the water where light is able to penetrate often refered to at the "Euphotic zone"? | Pelagic zone |
| What are the 3 zones within reservoirs? | Riverine, Transitional, & Lacustrine |
| Which trophic state contains cool, clear water and less nutrients? | Oligotrophic |
| Which trophic state contains lots of nutrients cloudy water, and can have nuisance algae blooms? | Eutrophic |
| Which trophic state has moderately clear water and moderate nutrient content? | Mesotrophic |
| Which trophic state is the most productive? | Eutrophic |
| When are nutrients the highest in a reservoir? | After the first flooding. |
| What was the largest fire ever to occur in the U.S. (1,500-2,500 lives lost)? | The Great Peshtigo Fire |
| What is the number of years between two successive fires in a designated area? | Fire Return Interval |
| What describes fire on the landscape in terms of the dominant or typical size, characteristic location, season, frequency, intensity. (expressed mathematically; eg., 2-12 years)? | Fire Regime |
| What is Wisconsin's natural fire regime? | ~2-54 year fire interval |
| What type of ecology involves species and the environment? | Autoecology |
| What type of ecology involves all organisms, complex interactions, and the environment. | Synecology |
| How do trees regenerate sexually? | Seeds (wind, mechanical, and animal dispersion) |
| How do trees regenerate asexually? | fragments, root sprouts, and stump sprouting |
| What is the ability to persist in a stressful environment/situation? | Tollerance |
| What is the basis for forest development? | Light tollerance |
| Which tree species are shade tolerant? | Sugar Maple & Hemlock |
| Which tree species are shade intolerant? | Aspen & Birch |
| What are the types of disturbance the affect succession? | Fire, Wind, Ice Storms, Moisture stress, Insects & Disease, Wildlife, Humans. |
| Moisture, Temperature, Light, pH, and Nutrients are all example of what? | Environmental Gradients |
| Which aged tree stand is more likely to be intolerant? (Even or Uneven Aged) | Even Aged |
| Which aged tree stand is more likely to be of mixed tolerance? (Even or Uneven Aged) | Uneven Aged |
| What 4 variables are used to account for the compensatory value of a landscape tree? | Size, Condition, Location, & Species |
| Is the UWSP urban forest providing more benefits or costs associated with managing its tree population. | More Benefits. |
| What is the reduction in tree growth to keep the tree alive when resources (like water) are limited? | Defensive Dieback |
| Where should you prune a tree? | at the Branch Collar |
| What 6 variables are used to delineate an Urban Forest? | People, Geography, Benefits, Resources, Activities, and Science. |
| How far away should a tree be planted from sidewalk or pavement? | 4-6 feet |
| What are the 3 ingredients of Sustainability? | Economics, Ecology, & Social |
| What deals with management intensity that provides for perpetual production of outputs? | Sustained Yield |
| What implies more than a focus on outputs, a more ecological process‐based management focus? | Sustainable Forestry |
| What is a TIMO and what does it do? | Timber Investment Management Organizations; buys and sells timber as an investment. |
| TIMO, REIT, Industrial, NIPF all own what type of land (private or public)? | Private |
| What is a REIT? and what do they do? | Real Estate Investment Trust. Must distrubute 90% of income to investors, but it reduces or eliminates corporate taxes. |
| Who are Industrial landowners? and is their landownership increasing or decreasing? | Timber companies who own their own land. Their landownership is decreasing. |
| What encourages sustainability on private lands through voluntary participation requiring the owner to follow a management plan? | Wisconsin Managed Forest Law (MFL) |
| What land type (private or public) has the most land ownership by area? | Private |
| Out of the public lands, who owns the most land by area? | County/Local |
| What is a BMP? | Best Management Pracitces |
| What type of Urban Wildlife is sensitive to human activities? Typically large interior species (predators & migrants) | Urban Avoiders |
| What type of Urban Wildlife consists of Edge or Savannah species and In urban areas they are often found in backyards or forest-park matrix settings? | Urban Adaptors |
| What type of Urban Wildlife is consists of the generalists species, often non-native, and nuisance wildlife? | Urban Exploiters |
| How has modern agriculture (after 1960) influenced wildlife? | Modern agriculture has caused wildlife populations and diversity to decrease |
| What are areas of restored or native vegetation on agricultural land? | Patches |
| What are strips of vegetation that connect habitat patches? | Corridors |
| What 3 things should you do to manage for wildlife on agricultural land? | 1) Preserve existing habitat Patches 2) Preserve Corridors 3) Restore or mimic natural disturbance |
| What is the primary use of Rangelands? | Grazing |
| What is an area that has a plant community dominated by grasses, forbs, and shrubs? | Rangeland |
| What area has terrestrial and aquatic components? | Riparian areas |
| Humans play a role in what percent of extinctions? | 99% |
| What legislation was created with the goal of creating self-sustaining wild populations and maintaining species integrity? | 1973 Endangered Species Act (ESA) |
| What is the management objective for Walleyes in the Ceded Territory? | Prevent annual exploitation rates of adult walleyes from exceeding 35% |
| How do Paddle fish feed? | Filter feeders |
| How are Paddle fished caught? | Snagged |
| Is fishing for the Gavins Point Paddlefish an open or limited entry system? | Limited entry system as of 1997 |
| What were the 3 main causes of the collapse of the Lake Michigan whitefish fishery? | Logging which led to pollution simultaneously combined with over fishing, and both of these were followed by the Sea Lamprey. |
| What was established to control the Sea Lamprey invasion? | the Great Lakes Fisheries Commission (helped the whitefish recover) |
| What 2 things helped the whitefish population recover? | the Great Lakes Fisheries Commission & the Clean Water Act |
| How many genetic stocks of whitefish are in Lake Michigan? | 6 |
| What are the 3 types of overfishing in order from worst to least worse? | 1) Recruitment Overfishing (worst) 2) Growth Overfishing 3) Quality Overfishing (least worse) |
| What occurs when a stock is fished so hard that the stock size is reduced below the level at which it can produce enough new recruits to replace those dying? | Recruitment Overfishing |
| What term is given when individuals are removed at a relatively small size, well before they have reached their full growth potential and before reaching an optimal size for maximizing yield. | Growth Overfishing |
| What occurs when exploitation is sufficient to negatively affect the quality of a fishery? | Quality Overfishing |
| What were the causes of the crash of lake trout in the Great Lakes? | Overexploitation and the Sea Lamprey |
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