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Operant Condition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who was Edward Thorndike | Behaviorist Originated the idea of instrumental learning and studied learning by examining the trial and errors behavior of cats in their attempts to escape from puzzle boxes |
| What are some of Thorndike's Laws? | Low of Recency, Law of Use, Law of Effect |
| Law of Recency | The most recent response if likely to occur |
| Example of law of recency | When you choose restaurants, you choose one that you've always gone to because it becomes a routine |
| Law of Use | Connections become strengthened with practice and weakened when practice is discontinued |
| Example of Law of Use | When you go to the gym and look for certain machines to use but get mad when someone is using the machine you usually use. |
| Law of Effect | Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely; behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| Who was B.F. Skinner? | Attempted to expand on Thorndike's original theories of instrumental learning. Proposed that learning process has a very predictable response to rewards and punishments. His work shows how those responses to behavior influenced future behaviors |
| What was majority of Skinner's work was done on? | Rats and pigeons in elaborated boxes that he designed and called "skinner boxes" |
| What is Operant Conditioning? | The process of learning to associate a behavior with a consequence. This typically results in behavior that maximizes reinforcing and minimizes punishing events |
| Reinforcement | Any outcome/response that increases the future probability of the most recent behavior |
| Punishment | Any outcome/response that decreases the frequency of the preceding behavior |
| What makes something reinforcing or punishing? | Biologically useful, intrinsically satisfying, restores equilibrium |
| Positive Reinforcement | An introduction of a pleasurable stimulus after a behavior, which will increase the likelihood of the future occurrence of the behavior |
| Negative Reinforcement | A removal of (or the avoidance of) an aversive stimulus after a behavior, which will increase the likelihood of the future occurrence of the behavior |
| Positive Punishment | An introduction of an aversive stimulus after a behavior, which will decrease the likelihood of the future occurrence of the behavior |
| Negative Punishment | A removal of (or a threatening to remove) a pleasurable stimulus after a behavior, which will decrease the likelihood of the future occurrence of a behavior |
| Extinction | A return of a behavior to baseline when reinforcement/punishment stops |
| Generalization | Increasing or decreasing similar responses due to punishment or reinforcement |
| Discrimination | Only increasing or decreasing the specific response that was reinforced or punished |
| Primary reinforcers | A reinforcer that automatically increases the likelihood of a response |
| Secondary reinforcers | A reinforcer that has been learned through classical conditioning to increase the likelihood of a response |
| Shaping | Rewarding successive approximations of a behavior that's being reinforced |
| Chaining | Reinforcing combinations of learned behaviors that are paired together |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Reinforcement for every correct response |
| Partial/Intermittent Reinforcement | Occasional reinforcement for a correct response |
| Fixed Ratio | Reward for a behavior after "X" responses. Causes faster responders to get more rewards. Produces high rates of responding but quick extinction when the reinforcement is removed |
| Variable Ratio | Reward for a behavior after a variable and unpredictable numbers of responses. Gambling is a great example of this reward system. It is very hard to extinguish after the connection is made |
| Fixed Interval | Reward for a behavior after "X' amount of time has passed. The responses are rather sparse in down time, but get more vigorous right before time X |
| Variable Interval | Reward for a behavior after a variable and unpredictable amount of time. This causes slow, steady responding |
| What is the effectiveness of reinforcement? | All things being equal, most people learn fastest with immediate reinforcement or immediate punishment. Punishment tends to be less effective than reinforcement except when temporarily suppressing undesirable behavior. |
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