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Human Biology

Exam notes

QuestionAnswer
TRANSPORT EPITHELIUM [first skin] regulate solute [a solution = solute + solvent] reabsorbed.
NITROGENOUS WASTES protein  ammonia  urea  urine = pee
UREA produced in the liver by a metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide.
URIC ACID An insoluble precipitate of nitrogenous waste causing goute.
FILTRATION filters by water being squeezed out of the blood in the glomerulus, from the blood by the nephrons.
FILTRATE Fluid extracted produces urine .
SELECTIVE REABSORPTION The selective uptake of solvent [water] solutes from tubule eg glucose, salt.
EXCRETION The giving off of nitrogen-containing waste products of metabolism.
RENAL ARTERY The blood vessel bringing blood to the kidney.
RENAL VEIN [drain] The blood vessel draining the kidney.
URETER tube leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
URINARY BLADDER Bag where urine is stored prior to elimination.
URETHRA A tube that releases urine from the body.
RENAL CORTEX The outer portion of the vertebrate kidney.
RENAL MEDULLA The inner portion of the vertebrate kidney, beneath the renal cortex.
NEPHRON The tubular excretory unit of the vertebrate kidney.
DESCENDING AND ASCENDING LIMB OF THE LOOP OF HENLE The long hairpin turn, with a descending and ascending limb, of the renal tubule in the vertebrate kidney; functions in water and salt reabsorption.
COLLECTING DUCT where filtrate from renal tubules is collected; the filtrate is now called urine.
RENAL PELVIS Funnel-shaped chamber that receives processed filtrate from the collecting ducts and is drained by the ureter.
CORTICAL NEPHRONS Nephrons located almost entirely in the renal cortex. These nephrons have a reduced loop of Henle.
JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS Nephrons with well-developed loops of Henle that extend deeply into the renal medulla.
Afferent arteriole Brings blood to the nephron to be filtered
Efferent arteriole Removes blood from nephron (minus filtered components)
Glomerulus Capillary tuft where filtration occurs
Bowman's Capsule First part of nephron where filtrate is collected
Proximal Convoluted Tubule Where selective reabsorption occurs
Loop of Henle Important for establishing a salt gradient in the medulla
Distal Convoluted Tubule Final site of selective reabsorption
Collecting Duct Feeds into ureter and is where osmoregulation occurs
Vasa Recta Blood network that reabsorbs components from the filtrate
Epithelial skin cell function= support (swells) and protection (from pathogens, disease causing organisms)
Olfactory cell changes depending on where it is found, e.g nose, trachea both have cillia; alveoli don't. Function= makes surfactant, an oil that coats the inside of the alveoli and stops drying out as well as aids gas diffusion.
Ciliated cell The mitochondria found toward the top but the cell nuclei r towards base & r often elongated. the rowinglike action of epithelial cilia work in tandem with goblet cell 2 propel mucus away from lungs etc, preventing particulate mater from causing infection
Support cell Olfactory cells are really a form of bipolar neuron as with any other neuron, they're so specialized they need a set of supporting cells.
Basal membrane cell prevents air bubbles from forming in the blood, and from entering the alveoli
Alveolar type 1 cell squamous (able to be flattened) pulmonary epithelial (outside alveolar) cells. Is lining cells of alveoli and becoming type 2= Function secretes surfactant (rich in phospholipids) and absorbs sodium, water and gases
Fibroblast structural component of alveoli made of collagen and ‘fibre’= Function holds alveoli open
Macrophage disease fighter= function remove cell debris and foreign material (e.g dust, bacteria) from the lung
Red blood cell biconcave bag with no nucleus and full of haemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
Monocyte immune system blood cell that can form other fighting white blood cells
Endothelium inside skin= function barrier between the vessel (tube) lumen (hole) and surrounding tissue, controlling the passage of materials and white blood cells into and out of the blood stream
Created by: kayla-turner
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