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Cell Cycle
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Why cell cycle... | proliferation of species and somatic cells, development growth repair |
| key ivents | interphase with S phase M phase |
| interphase | sith synthesis phase, major chromosomal event |
| M phase | mitosis, chromosomal segregation into daughter nuclei, cytokinesis |
| 4 phases | M phase, G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase |
| M phase ; Mitosis | nuclear division in which chromosomes separate into 2 nucleus |
| M phase: cytokinesis | cytoplasmic division in which entire cell divides into 2 daughter cell |
| G1 phase | end of Mphase beginning of S phase , monitoring is a main role, if cell is not ready is sent back to G0 phase |
| S phase | DNA replication, rapid cell growth and protein synthesis |
| G2 phase | pre mitotic stage also includes rapid growth of a cell and protein synthesis |
| mitosis stages | 1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. metaphase 4. anaphase 5. telophase 6. cytokinesis |
| Prophase | cell prepares to divide by dissolving the membrane around the nucleus and the chromatin condenses into chromosomes |
| prometaphase | the nuclear membrane disintegrates and spindle fibers invade the nuclear space, each chromosome forms two kinetochores at its centromere, one attached at each chromatid - fish and hook analogue |
| kinetochore | protein structure to which spindle fibers attach |
| metaphase | two centrosomes start pulling the chromosomes through their attached centromeres towards the two ends of the cell |
| anaphase 1 | proteins binding sister chromatids together are cleaved.sister chromatids become daughter chromosomes,spindle fibers are shortened & DC move toward the respective centrosomes to which they are attached. |
| anaphase II | the polar spindle fibers elongate, pulling the centrosomes apart to opposite ends of the cell. at the end the spindle fiber degrade |
| telophase | polar spindle fibers continue to elongatee cell.Corresponding DC attach at opposite ends of cell.new nuclear membrane, forms around each set of separated DC, nuclus appears. 2sets of chrom.surrounded by new nuclei, begin to decondense back into chromatin. |
| cytokinesis | begins at the same time as telophase. division of the cytoplasm of a cel |
| Checkpoints | 1. start - late G1 2. G2/M 3. Meta to ana transition |
| Late G1 | cells commit to cell cycle entry and chromosomes duplicate |
| G2/m checkpoint | control system triggers early mitotic events that lead to chromosome attachment to the spindle |
| Meta to Ana transition | separation of sister chromatids leads to complete mitosis and cytokinesis |
| CDK's | cyclin dependent kinases which affect progress of the cell into mitosis by (P) other proteins. Controlled by subunit which [con] varies from one stage to another |
| [cyclin] low | kinase inactive |
| [cyclin] high | kinase active, cell enters m phase |
| Cyclins and CDK | key component in control system of a cell kinase triggers specific stages CDK inactive without cyclin |
| cyclin | any protein which [conc] rise and fall during cell cycle. Cyclin-CDK complex activates and determines the substrate specificity |
| CDK | different types trigger different progression stages by P specific target protein. catalytically active only when attached to cyclin |
| Kinase | enzyme transferring Y (P) group from ATP to substrate. catalyze the addition of P other proteins. |
| CDK & G1 | 1. cell grow in response to a signal 2. Kinase activates and sends signal that division began 3. cyclin D/CDK4-6 (P) RB protein which blocks & inactivate TF |
| cyclin D | first active cyclins, bind and activate CDK's 4-6 |
| TF's | E2F-2 once relased from RB bind to the promoter region of specific genes resulting in increased RNA transcription |
| Late G1 : RESTRICTION POINT | 1. entrance of next phase of cell cycle. 2.2nd class cyclins are activated. E-cyclins and CDK - restriction point switch |
| S PHASE | 1. activation of DNA replication 2. Cyclin A bind to CDK1&2 3. shown by fluorescently tagged nucleotide |
| G2 phase | 1. CDK 1 replaces CDK2 and binds with A/B cyclin to catalyze P of specific proteins to G2/M phase 2. end of G2 occurse when lvl of active cyclin B1/CDK1 - maturing promoting factor- is reached |
| G2/M ; DNA damage checpokint | damage dna activates ATM/ATR, activates checkpoint kinases p53 activates by P. 1. p4 inhibits CDK so it cant P RB -> cell cycle arrest 2. Puma inhibits Bcl2 -> apoptosis |
| PL3K | alike kinase, ATM and ATR. all dna damage responses require ATM/ATR as it binds to the site of damage on chromosome. Repair is possible with accessory protein |
Created by:
purespirit
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