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The Endocrine System
Ch 50 of Biology Honors, CA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Parathyroid Gland (produces what hormone name) | Parathyroid hormone |
| Pineal Gland (produces what hormone name)(location) | Melatonin; above Brain Stem |
| Thymus (produces what hormone name)(location) | Thymosin; Beneath Sternum |
| Parathyroid Hormone | Increases Calcium ions in the blood |
| Melatonin | Regulates sleep patterns |
| Thymosin | Stimulates formation of T-cells |
| Pancreas(specialized cells name) | Islets of Langerhans |
| Islets of Langerhans (produces) | Insulin, Glucagon |
| Insulin | Lowers blood sugar level by Stimulating body cells to take in and store glucose |
| Glucagon | Increases blood sugar level by Stimulating body cells to release glucose from cells. |
| Diabetes Mellitus | Abnormally high blood glucose levels; Type 1 and Type II |
| Type 1 Diabetes | A childhood disorder where the Islets of Langerhans cells dies, thus not enough insulin in produced. It is treated with insulin injections. |
| Type 2 Diabetes | Usually occurring at old age, there is insufficient insulin or unresponsive target cells. It is treated by controlled diet and exercise. |
| Posterior Pituitary (produces) | Oxytocin, Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
| Oxytocin | Causes the contraction of the uterus, and the flow of breast milk. |
| ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) | Regulates the concentration of solutes in blood, by regulating water excreted by kidneys. Ex:High solutes in blood >> ADH >> More water is reabsorbed in Nephrons >> More concentrated urine |
| Anterior Pituitary (produces) | Growth Hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), LH (Lutenizing Hormone) and FSH (Follicle Stimulaing Hormone) |
| GH (Growth Hormone) | controls the skeletal and muscular growth. |
| PRL (Prolactin) | Stimulates milk production |
| Releasing Hormones | Stimulate the anterior pituitary to make and secrete hormones |
| Release-inibiting Hormones | Inhibit production and secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. |
| Thyroid Gland (produces) | Thyroxine, Triidothyronine, and Calcitonin |
| TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) | Stimulates the Thyroid gland. |
| Thyroxine and Triidothyronine | Requires Iodine. Maintains normal heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. They stimulate cellular metabolic rates and oxygen use. |
| Calictonin | Stimulates transfer of calcium ions from blood to bone |
| Hyperthyroidism | Over production causes weight loss, high blood pressure, fast heart rate, and higher body temperature. Treatment is medication or removal of parts of the thyroid. |
| Hypothyroidism | Under production causes lethargy, weight gain, low blood pressure, and low body temperature. Treatment is supplemental thyroxine. |
| Cretinism | Hypothyroidism in babies, causing the brain to develop abnormally, causing mental impairment, and do not grow normally, instead, very short and stocky. |
| Goiter | Lack of Iodine causes a swelling of the thyroid. |
| Hypoglycemia | Excessive amounts of insulin causes low amounts of blood sugar. |
| Gonads (2 parts, what they produce) | Ovaries and Testes (Lutenizing hormone[LH], Follicle Stimulating Hormone [FSH], Estrogen, Progesterone, Androgens [ex. Testonsterone]) |
| LH (Lutenizing Hormone) and FSH (Follicle Stimulaing Hormone) | Stimulates the production of sex hormones.They regulate the body changes at the beginnning of puberyy and are necessary to produce gametes. |
| Estrogen and Progesterone | Secreted by ovaries, causing an egg to be released and the uterine lining to thicken. |
| Androgens (ex) | Testosterone |
| Testosterone | Regulate Sperm production |
| Feedback Mechanism | Negative, Positive, and Antagonistic Hormone |
| Negative Feedback Mechanism | The final step which inhibits the first step. It is the most common feedback mechanism. |
| Positive Feedback Mechanism | Not very common. The release of an initial hormone stimulates the release of other hormones, which in turn, stimulates the release of the initial hormone. (Ex: LH in females stimulates estrogen production, which stimulates LH production.) |
| Antigonistic Hormones | Work in pairs, but their actions have the opposite effect. (Ex: Glucagon and Insulin) |
| Endocrine Glands | They are ductless glands that transmit hormones into the bloodstream. They are slower than the nervous system, taking processes over days or even months. |
| Exocrine glands | Secrete non-hormonal chemicals into ducts that transport chemicals inside and outside the body. (Ex. Sweat glands, mucous glands, and salivary glands.) They are not part of the endocrine system. |
| Hormones | Chemical messengers that are secreted into the bloodstream, and influence the activity of distant, target cells. The two types are amino acid-based hormone/peptide hormones and steroid hormones. |
| Target cells | Specific cells that, because of their specific receptors are only recongnized by specific hormones. |
| Receptores | proteins on the surface and inside the cytoplasm that are very specific. |
| Amino Acid-based hormones (Peptide Hormones) (characteristics and how they work) | -Cannot diffuse across the cell membrane -water soluble -hormone acts as a first messenger that binds to a specific receptor on the OUTSIDE of the cell membrane, calleed a hormone-receptor complex, activating second messenger, continuing hormone signal. |
| Cyclic AMP (cAMP) | A Amino acid-based hormone second messenger which starts a chain reaction of enzyme cascade when the hormone binds to a specific cell. |
| Steroid Hormones (characteristics and how they work) | -fat soluble -diffuse through membrane and binds to receptors in the cytoplasm -sythesized from cholestrol -hormone receptor complex activates existing enzymes or initiates synthese of new enzymes or proteing by activating mRNA transcriptions. |
| Pituitary Gland (use and regulated by) | -Secretes hormones that affect other glands and organs -regulated by (Neurosecretory cells of) the hypothalamus |
| Neurosecretory cells | Part of the hypothalamus that produce hormones that are stored in or control the pituitary. They produce Releasing hormones and release inhibiting hormones. |
| Adrenal Glands (location)(Two parts thingy) | Above each kidney, includes the Adrenal Medulla and the Adrenal Cortex |
| Adrenal Medulla (produces) | Produces epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
| epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) | Body's reaction to stress, or fight or flight |
| Adrenal Cortex (stimulated by) (releases) | Stress causes the hypothalamus to stimulate the adrenal cortex to release cortisol and aldosterone. |
| Cortisol | Regulates the metabolism of carbs and proteins. |
| Aldosterone | Maintains salt/water balance of the body by affecting the kidneys. |
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