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Brain
| name | facts |
|---|---|
| Olgiodendrocytes | forms myelin sheath in CNS (think: C and O look similar), speeds transmissions |
| Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells) | myelination in the PNS |
| CNS | Brain, Spinal Chord Ependymal cells- circulate spinal fluid (think: EPIdural) |
| PNS | neurons 1. somatic (body) 2. autonamtic (breathing, heart, etc) |
| Somatic Nervous System | afferent- to brain efferent- from brain to body |
| Neurons | excitable cells |
| Glial Cells | NON excitable more abundant within PNS and CNS nurish neurons form BBB regulates tissue fluid composition flattened cells cover somas in ganglias |
| Mylenation | 1. speeds up messages 2. axon wrapped with sheath 3. glossy white appearance 4. fatty coating (low-fat diet, low function) supports, protects, insulates axon voltage change ONLY happens at NODES mylenated axons require less energy (ATP) |
| Nerves | 1. organs of the PNS 2. junctions are SYNAPSES 3. Sensory - afferent (to brain) 4. Motor- efferent (from brain) 5. Mixed both sensory and motor |
| Neurons | structure: 1. Cell Body 2. Dendrites (receive info) 3. Axon (carry info) 4. Axon terminals (transmit info) |
| Axons | Tip has Growth cone w/ chemical receptors - these chemical receptors sense the local environ and ATTRACTS or REPELS various elements. - Growth cones navigate through the brain until they reach their destination area then,it starts generating synapses |
| Axons cont'd | Proteins influence axon path finding - Pool of neurons largely in place at birth- axon connections continue to develop for a long time |
| Babies brains | 2/3 size of adults (adults are 3 lbs) million, million nerve cells in total, BUT it must still form connections More changes occur in cellular structure of cortex in the first 6 mths after birth than any other time |
| Cortical cells- 10,000 synapses in each cell Total synapses per person 10 to the 15th power, 200,000 x human population | |
| BBB | Tightly joined blood vessels 1. protects the brain from toxins 2. separates circulating blood and extra cellular fluid |
| Telenchephalon (CEREBRUM) | cerebral hemispheres (midline sagital) Corpus Collosum (tough body) connect the hemispheres |
| Corpus Collosum | connects hemispheres (axon fibers) 200-250 million axonal projections |
| Cerebral Landscape | Gyri (folds) 1. sulci (small grooves) 2. fissures (large grooves) |
| Frontal Lobe (CEREBELLUM) | 1 Motor planning (think: belle of the ball dancing) 2. Decision Making -executive decisions (think: who do I dance with? Should I drink?) Higher mental functions- social interactions Tourette's Syndrome |
| Broca's area | Interior frontal gyrus Patients lost ability to speak when this area was damaged **Broca's Aphasia- know what they want to say, just can't get it out |
| Aphasia | Language disorder effecting Writing, Speaking, Listening caused by brain damage |
| Pre-Motor Cortex | Planning and executing movement BETZ cells Lobes- Parietal, frontal, temporal |
| Lobes | Parietal- *top/middle brain 1. Body's position in space- integrating sensory info Frontal- Goal and Strategy to Obtain IT Termporal- Memories Hearing, Auditory processing, speech Occipital- *back of head- Visual processing |
| Basal Ganglia | Clusters of nerve cells (think: gang/group holding lassos) receives info from different regions, processes it and returns info LOOPS INFO **Parkinson's Disease- also an issue of motivation |
| CEREBELLUM | Internal clock that tells the body when to move and in what order "clumsiness"- excess alcohol effects activity here- that's why people stumble around drunkenly |
| Agraphia- ability to write Agnosia - Loss of knowledge (think: pronunciation "know") | |
| Limbic System | 1. Both sides of Thalamus 2. NOT a seperate system- COLLECTION of structures a. telenchephalon b. diencephalon c. mesechephalon **Emotions and motivations related to survival Memories of pain/pleasure |
| Diencephalon (INTERBRAIN) **Under cerebral hemispheres | Process ALL SENSORY INPUT a. thalamus b. hypothalamus c. pineal gland d. pituitary gland e. limbic system |
| Thalamatic Astasia | normal strength but can not stand due to loss of sense of Midline (think: Anastasia couldn't stand it any longer) |
| Teen brains | gradual volume reduction excess Dopamine (reward system hyperactive) Dopamine- neurotransmitter controls reward and pleasure center regulates movement and emotional response DEFICIENCY= Parkinson's and more prone to addictions |
| Depression | sadness, loss, anger, frustration lasting more than 2 weeks and 4 other symptoms |
| Teen Depression | looks more like 1. irritability 2. grumpy, hostile, prone to outbursts 3. unexplained aches and pains 4. feelings of worthlessness 5. withdraw from some people, but not all |
| Teens- Alcohol | Motor Vehicle Accidents are the leading cause of death for 15-20 yr olds teens are responsible for 32% of alcohol MVAs |
| Regions of the Brain | 1. Telencephalon (Cerebrum) 2. Diencephalon (Limbic System) ***3. Mesencephalon (Midbrain) ***4. Pons ***5. Medulla Oblongota 6. Cerebellum *** part of the brain stem (survival, arousal) |
| Substangia Nigra (BLACK SUBSTANCE) | PART of BASAL GANGLIA black because of the high levels of melanin 1. reward 2. addictions 3. movement |
| Basal Ganglia | movement disorders Parkinson's - issues with motivation degeneration of melanin |
| Pons | Bridge that links different parts of the brain relays messages from the forebrain to the cerebellum ("little brain") |
| Medulla Oblongata | Lower 1/2 brain stem Relay station for the spinal chord and brain Controls autonomic functions (breathing, heart, reflexes) |
| Cerebellum ("Little Brain") | Motor attention and language fear/pleasure response coordination, precision, timing |
| Strokes | LEADING CAUSE OF LONG TERM DISABILITY Ischemic- blocked with blood clot 1. Thrombosis- blocked artery 2. Embolism- breaks off from somewhere else lack of Oxygen Hemmoragic- Blood Vessel Bursts |
| Stroke info | Risks: 1. Lifestyle choices (smoking, fatty food, etc. 2. medication 3. age Can continue to make improvement for months or years after having a stroke |
Created by:
lzochert
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