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Chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The scientific system of writing numbers | scientific notation |
| Give the scientific Notation of 1,000,000,000 | 10^9 |
| Give the scientific notation of' 1,000,000 | 10^6 |
| Give the scientific notation of 1,000 | 10^3 |
| Give the scientific notation of 100 | 10^2 |
| Give the scientific notation of 1 | 10^0 |
| Give the scientific notation of 0.01 | 10^-2 |
| Give the scientific notation of 0.000001 | 10^-6 |
| Give the scientific notation of 0.000000001 | 10^-9 |
| method to measure weight, length, and volume | metric system |
| simple, logical, and efficient measurement system | metric system |
| basic units of measurements of the metric system | grams, liters, and meters |
| Basic measurement of weight | grams (g) |
| Basic measure of weight | liter (L) |
| Basic measure of distance | meter (m) |
| Tera- abbreviation means? numerically | T- 10^12 1 quadrillion times |
| Giga- abbreviation? means? numerically? | G- 10^9 1 billion times |
| Mega- abbreviation? means? numerically | M- 10^6 1 million times |
| kilo- abbreviation? means? numerically? | k- 10^3 1 thousand times |
| hecto- abbreviation? means? nummerically? | h- 10^2 1 hundred times |
| deka- abbreviation? means? numerically? | D- 10^1 times |
| deci- abbreviation? means? numerically? | d- 10^-1 1 tenth of |
| centi- abbreviation? means? numerically? | c- 10^-2 1 hundredth of |
| milli- abbreviation? means? numerically? | m- 10^-3 1 thousandth of |
| micro- abbreviation? means? numerically? | u(backwards) 10^-6 1 millionth of |
| nano- abbreviation? means? numerically? | n- 10^-9 1 billionth of |
| pico- abbreviation? means? numerically? | p- 10^-12 1 trillionth of |
| femto- abbreviation? means? numerically? | f- 10^-15 1 quadrillionth of |
| 3 most common temperature systems | Fahrenheit, Celsius, nad Kelvin |
| temperature measuring system used only in the United States, its territories,Belize, and Jamaica. | Fahrenheit |
| Rarely used for any scientific measurements except body temperature. | Fahrenheit |
| Zero degrees is the freezing point of sea water or heavy brine at sea level. | Fahrenheit |
| 32 degrees is the freezing point of pure water at sea level. | Fahrenheit |
| 212 degrees is the boiling point of pure water at sea level. | Fahrenheit |
| Most people have a body temperature of 98.6 degrees | Fahrenheit |
| temperature system used in the rest of the world and by the scientific community. | Celsius/Centigrade |
| zero degrees is the freezing point of pure water at sea level. | Celsius |
| 100 degrees is the boiling point of pure water a sea level. | Celsius |
| Most people have a body temperature of 37 degrees | Celsius |
| Used only in the scientific community | Kelvin |
| zero degrees is -273 degrees Celsius and is thought to be the lowest temperature achievable or absolute zero | Kelvin |
| The freezing point of water is 273 | Kelvin |
| The boiling point of water is 373 | Kelvin |
| Basic building block of all molecules | Atom |
| Atom's physical structure | Nucleus |
| At the center of the atom and is composed of protons and neutrons | Nucleus |
| When are atoms most stable? | When an orbital is full |
| positive electrical charge | protons |
| negative charge | electrons |
| no charge | neutrons |
| an atom that is electrically charged | ion |
| an atom that has a positive charge | cation |
| an atom that has a negative charge | anion |
| defined by its properties | matter |
| rows of the periodic table | periods |
| columns of the periodic table | groups |
| energy required to remove the outermost electron from the atom. | ionization energy |
| ability to attract electrons | electronegativity |
| what location is the alkali metals in the periodic table? What are the properties? | Group 1 metals with one outermost electron. form 1+ ions |
| what location are the alkaline earth metals in the periodic table? what are the properties? | Group 2 metals with two outermost electrons. Form 2+ ions |
| where are the transition metals located in the periodic table? | Groups 3-10 Metals that usually form colored ions and solutions. Have multiple oxidation states. |
| Where are the Halogens located in the periodic table? | Group 17 Nonmetals with seven outermost electrons. Form 1- ions |
| Where are the noble gases located in the periodic table? | Group 18 Nonmetal gases that do not react because they have full outermost PELs |
| Two important numbers or properties of atoms that can be obtained from the periodic table are? | atomic number & mass |
| number of protons in the nucleus, and it defines an atom of a particular element. | atomic number |
| what is the atomic mass of an atom? | average mass of each of that element's isotopes. |
| different kinds of the same atom that vary in weight | Isotopes |
| What is it called when a an element or atom exists in combination with other elements? | compound |
| How is an equation written> | Reactants ----> Products |
| In any chemical reaction, an arrow between the reactants and the products is drawn out. What does the arrow symbolize? | the direction of the reaction |
| what does the law of conservation of mass state? | Mass cannot be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction. Therefore, once the reactants have been written and the products predicted, the equation must be balanced. |
| A state in which reactants are forming products at the same rate that products are forming reactants. | Equilibrium |
| Name 4 ways to increase the reaction rate | increase the temperature in the reaction, increase the surface area of the reactants, add a catalyst, or increase the concentrations of reactants. |
| If you increase the temperature in the reaction what happens? | causes the particles to have a greater kinetic energy causing them to move faster. Contact is when the chemical reactions will occur. |
| What happens when you increase the surface area of the particles in the reaction? | Gives the particles more opportunity to come into contact with one another. |
| accelerates a reaction by reducing the activation energy or the amount of energy necessary for a reaction to occur. | catalyst |
| what happens when you increase the concentration of the reactants? | It will cause more chance collisions between the reactants and produce more products. |
| Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances | solution |
| can be a liquid in a liquid, a solid in a liquid, or a solid in a solid. | solutions |
| name the four types of solutions | compounds, alloys, amalgams, emulsions |
| Mixtures of different elements to create a single matter | compound |
| solid solutions of metals to make a new one such as bronze, which is copper and tin, or steel, which is iron and carbon, tungsten, chromium, and manganese | alloys |
| a specific type of alloy in which another metal is dissolved in mercury | amalgams |
| mixtures of matter that readily separate such as water and oil. | emulsions |
| How is percent concentration expressed? | weight/weight; grams/grams weight/volume; grams/liters volume/volume; milliliters/liter **mg/100mL |
| How is Molar concentration expressed? | a mole=6.02x10^23 mol/L |
| Name the five main types of chemical reactions | synthesis decomposition combustion single replacement double replacement |
| two elements combine to form a product. 2K(+) + 2Cl(-) ---> 2KCL | Synthesis |
| opposite of synthesis because it is the breaking of a compound into its component parts. | NaCl ---> Na(+) + Cl(-) decoposition |
| self-sustaining, exothermic chemical reaction usually initiated by heat acting on oxygen and a fuel compound such as hydrocarbon. | combustion |
| replacement reactions involve ionic compounds; consist of a more active metal reacting with an ionic compound containing a less active metal to produce a new compound | single replacement |
| joining of one atom | chemical bonding |
| electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions, or a cation and an anion. | ionic bond |
| generally formed between a metal and a nonmetal | ionic |
| formed when two atoms share electrons, generally in pairs, one from each atom. | covalent bond |
| in a covalently bonded compound, if the electrons in the bond are shared equally, then the bond is termed ____. | nonpolar |
| ___ is based on the difference in eletronegativity values for the elements involved in the bond. | polarity |
| NOT BONDING INTERACTIONS; Weaker forces of attraction between whole mlecules | intermolecular forces |
| attraction for a hydrogen atom by a highly electronegative element. | hydrogen bond |
| attraction of one dipole on one molecule for the dipole of another molecule | dipole-dipole interactions |
| how is a dipole created? | when an electron pair is shared unequally in a covalent bond between two atoms or elements |
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