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LD BIO CH 8
LD BIO CH 8 NUTRITION
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| NUTRITION | The process of obtaining food and changing it into a useable form |
| SIX MAIN NUTRIENTS | Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals, & Water |
| BUILDING BLOCKS OF NUTRIENTS | Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats and Water |
| PROTEINS | Amino Acids |
| CARBOHYDRATES | Sugars and Starches |
| FATS | Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids |
| WATER | Two Hydrogen & Oxygen |
| VITAMINS | Are coenzymes that assist in some reactions |
| TWO TYPES OF VITAMINS | Water Soluble and Fat Soluble |
| WATER SOLUBLE | B & C |
| FAT SOLUBLE | A, D, E, K |
| MINERALS | Chemical elements that organisms need for normal functioning (i.e., Iodine, Cobalt, Zinc, & Manganese) |
| AUTOTROPHS | Plants and other organisms that make their own food from inorganic substances. |
| PHOTOTROPHS | Use light to make energy |
| CHEMOAUTOTROPHS | Use chemical reactions to RX to make energy |
| HETEROTROPHS | Eat ready made food. (i.e., Herbivore, carnivores & omnivores) |
| ENERGY | Provided by cellular respiration and by burning of food. Released in small steps (ETC) and stored as ATP. |
| CALORIMETER | Used to measure energy content of food. |
| CALORIE | Unit used to measure the energy content of food or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water one degree Celsius. |
| 1 KILOCALORIE | 1,000 Calories |
| 1 CALORIE | 4.2 joules |
| THIN | Burning more calories than you take in |
| OBESE | Burning a great deal less of calories than you take in |
| FIBER | Bulky, indigestible materials found in the cell walls of fruits, vegetables & grains. Stimulates muscles in the digestive tract to keep food moving. Reduces risks of colon and rectal cancer. |
| INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION | Occurs within the cell |
| AMEBA | Uses pseudopods to engulf food by fagocytosis |
| EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION | Occurs outside the cell wall |
| PARAMECIUM | Food particles are swept into oral grooves by cilia. Food vacuoles are formed by pinching membranes off, which later joins with a lysosome. Undigested food exits via anal pore. |
| HYDRA | Is 2 cell layers thick. Uses its tentacles to capture & stuff a paralyzed water flea into its gastrovascular cavity where digestion will occur. |
| CNIDOBLASTS | Are stinging cells surround to the mouth |
| EARTHWORM | Food enters mouth, pharynx pulls food in & it passes to esophagus. Crop stores & releases food gradually into gizzard where grinding takes place. Paste like food enters intestines where chemical digestion & absorption take place. Wastes exit anus. |
| MECHANICAL DIGESTION | Specialized mouth parts & ground by teeth (like plates) |
| CHEMICAL DIGESTION | Salvia secreted by salivary glands & stomach |
| INGESTION | Takes in food |
| DIGESTION | Breaking down of food |
| EGESTION | Eliminating of food |
| HUMAN DIGESTION | Mouth, pharynx, esophagus: Salivary amylase breaks down starch into maltose. |
| EPIGLOTIS | Flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the lungs. |
| SPHINCTERS | Muscular valves control the passage of food into the stomach. |
| STOMACH LINING | Stomach produces mucus which lines the stomach and glands have inactive pepsinogen. |
| CHYME | The thin, soupy, liquid that is digested food in the stomach |
| GASTRIN | A hormone that stimulates gastric juices due to presence of proteins, caffeine, & alcohol. |
| ACCESSORY GLANDS/DUCTS | Salivary glands, liver and pancreas. |
| ACCESSORY GLANDS/DUCTS | Secretes substances to assist digestion in the small intestine |
| ACCESSORY GLANDS/DUCTS | Amylase, bile, proteases, trypsin & lipase |
| EMULSIFICATION | Break down of fats into tiny droplets |
| SMALL INTESTINE | Where most digestion occurs. |
| VILLI | Fingerlike projections that increase surface area for amino acids and sugars |
| LACTEALS | Absorb fatty acids & glycerols into lymphatic system |
| HORMONES | Secretin & cholecystokinin stimulates intestinal lining & pancreatic juices |
| LARGE INTESTINE | Reabsorbs water, absorption of vitamin K from intestinal bacteria, & eliminates undigested material |
| LARGE INTESTINE | L = 1.5 m and w = 6 cm |
| SMALL INTESTINE | L = 6.5 m and w = 2.5 cm |
| CONSTIPATION | Too much water absorbed in Large Intestine |
| DIARRHEA | Too little water absorbed in Large Intestine |
| APPENDICITIS | Inflammation of the appendix. |
| GALLSTONES | Hardened deposits in gallbladder when cholesterol settles out of bile. May block passage of bile & cause pain. |
| RECTUM | Stores feces |
| ANUS | Eliminates feces |
| AMYLASE | Found in mouth, works on carbohydrates, breaks into disaccharides |
| PEPSIN | Found in stomach, works on proteins, breaks into amino acids |
| PROTEASES | Found in small intestine, works on proteins, breaks into amino acids |
| AMYLASE | Found in small intestine, works on carbohydrates, breaks into monosaccharides |
| LIPASE | Found in small intestine, works on lipids, breaks into 3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol |
| BILE | Produced by the Liver, stored in the gall bladder, works on lipids (fats) & breaks into tiny dropplets |
Created by:
desilva13
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