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Pathology Exam 3
Heart disease to Breast Cancer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is arteriosclerosis? | hardening and thickening of the walls of arteries |
| what does an involved artery of arteriosclerosis look like? | usually dilated externally but its lumen is narrowed by thick intimal plaques consisting of a mixture of hard pearly gray fibrous tissue and soft mushy organ yellow lipid, chiefly esterified cholesterol |
| what are common causes of arteriosclerosis | age: after age 50 hypertension: increased blood pressure, mechanical stress on arteries hyperlipidemia: intimal plaques of arteriosclerosis contain lipids derived from the plasma lipoproteins |
| what are the complications of arteriosclerosis? | arterial narrowing thrombosis aneurysm arterial rupture |
| what is arterial narrowing of arteriosclerosis? | the resultant decrease of blood flow may cause ischemic atrophy and or dysfunction of the organ or tissue supplied by the narrowed artery |
| what is thrombosis of arteriosclerosis? | thrombotic occlusion of an artery often causes infarction of the tissue supplied by the occluded artery. the most important sites of such infarcts are the heart and brain |
| what is aneurysm of arteriosclerosis? | sclerotic arteries are sully dilated externally. if this dilation is focally excessive, the involved arterial segment forms an aneurysm |
| where does arteriosclerotic aortic aneurysm occur? | in the lowermost part of the abdominal aorta of elderly persons, usually males |
| what is a myocardial infarct? | caused by severe myocardial ischemia and usually caused by occlusive thrombosis of a sclerotic coronary artery focus of coagulative necrosis of the myocardium |
| how does a myocardial infarct heal? | occurs slowly, the myocardium does not regenerate, and the dead tissue is replaced over several weeks by a slow ingrowth of soft red purple granulation tissue from the nearest viable myocardial tissue |
| What is the cardinal symptom of coronary heart disease? | chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia |
| what is angina pectoris? | caused by a brief episode of myocardial ischemia without myocardial necrosis and occurs in the presence of severe coronary arteriosclerosis |
| what characterizes angina pectoris? | sudden onset of crushing substernal pain, which is precipitated by exertion or excitement and which subsides within 10 minutes with rest |
| what usually causes myocardial infarction? | coronary thrombosis and occurs at rest or with only usual activity |
| what are the major clinical features of myocardial infarction? | chest pain, shock, arrhythmias and dyspnea |
| how common is hypertension? | occurs in 1 to 4 adults |
| what increases the chance of hypertension? | severity of arteriosclerosis |
| what does hypertension cause? | causes both more severe coronary arteriosclerosis and left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertension and coronary heart disease often occur together |
| what are the predisposing factors of hypertension? | hereditary predispostion, psychoemotional influences associated with urbanization and industrialization, habitual excess dietary salt intake and obesity |
| what is the immediate cause of hypertension? | increase of arteriolar vasomotor tone, especially in splanchnic vessels, while pulse rate and cardiac output remain normal |
| what are the major lesions of essential hypertension? | left ventricular hypertrophy with increased heart weight (caused by the increased cardiac work of pumping blood against a higher pressure) and increase severity of arteriosclerosis |
| what is the most frequent complications of hypertension? | coronary heart disease, coronary arteriosclerosis and left ventricular hypertrophy combine to cause myocardial ischemia, left sided congestive heart failure and cerebrovascular accidents |
| what is the major clinical features of valvular heart disease? | heart murmurs caused by abnormal blood flow through the diseased valve or vales, cardiomegaly and congestive heart failure |
| what does valvular heart disease predispose a patient to? | bacterial infection (bacterial endocarditis) an individual with a heart murmur or a history of valvular heart disease is given prophylactic antibiotics |
| what is azotemia? | retention of nitrogenous wastes in the blood and is an important component of uremia |
| what is uremia? | renal insufficiency |
| what is glomerulonephritis? | group of renal disease characterized by primary inflammation of glomeruli with secondary changes in other parts of the kidney |
| what are the multiple causes of glomerulonephritis? | act by inducing a state of humoral hypersensitivity streptococcal infection, viral hepatitis B or C, drugs and malignant neoplasms |
| what are the pathological consequences of renal dysfunction in uremia | retention of nitrogenous wastes with increased blood levels or urea, uric acid, and creatinine (azotemia), inability to concentrate urine |
| what are the clinical features of uremia? | polyuria with nocturne, metabolic acidosis, renal hypertension, anemia |
| when does the patient develop uremia from glomerulnephritis? | when most of the glomeruli are avascular and solidified (and therefore functionless) the patient develops uriema |
| what are the clinic features of glomerulonephritis? | hematuria, proteinura, renal hypertension and uremia |
| what is nephrotic syndrome? | proteinuria that is seer and patient develops hypoalbuminemia |
| where does a UTI usually begin? | lower part of the urinary tract with infection of the urethra and urinary bladder (urethrocytitis UC) |
| what is pylonephritis PN? | urinary tract infection that spreads upward via one or both ureters to produce infection of one or both renal pelves and kidneys |
| what is more frequent, urethrocystitis or pyelonephritis? | urethrocystitis is more common than pyelonpehritis |
| what population usually has more UTIs? | most frequent in young girls |
| what causes of UTI? | aerobic members of the normal fecal flora especially escherichia coli |
| what are the predisposing factors of acute urethrocysitis? | urinary statis, fecal contamination of the perineum, trauma from excessive coitus in the female, instrumentation, masutrbation and irritating douches |
| what are the major clinical features of acute urethrocytitis? | fever, recency and urgency of urination, burning pain during micturition and turbid urine containing pus and bacteria |
| what are uroliths composed of? | porrly soluble substances, the most common chemical components being calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and uric acid |
| are bladder stones common and what are they a complication of? | uncommon in the us and usually occur as a complication of chronic cystitis |
| urinary tract obstruction is usually caused by? | renal stone that has entered the ureter and lodged in its lower third and the ureteral obstruction causes renal colic |
| what is renal colic? | a sharp agonizing pain that begins in the lumbar region and radiates to the groin |
| what may cause symptoms similar to UTI? | mechanical injury of the mucosa by a rough surfaced urolith may cause hematuria and or chronic sterile inflammation with symptoms resembling those of UTI |
| how are uroliths treated? | endoscopic removal or ultrasonic fragmentation (lithotripsy) |
| where is carcinoma of the urinary bladder derived from? | transitional epithelium (urothelium) lining the urinary bladder |
| what is the most important cause of bladder cancer in the US? | cigarette smoking |
| how do bladder tumors look microscopically? | multicentric |
| what does the primary lesion of bladder cancer look like? | small, delicate, soft papillary lesions that project into the bladder lumen these tumors rarely metastasize and are known as transition papillomas |
| what are the major clinical features of bladder tumors? | hematuria and dysuria |
| what population can nodular hyperplasia of the prostate be found in? | NHP is rare before age 40 but is found in most elderly men |
| what is nodular hyperplasia of the prostate? | characterized by proliferation of the prostate glands and stroma to form nodules with resultant enlargement of the prostate, which often causes urethral obstruction |
| how does the prostate look in cases of nodular hyperplasia? | enlarged and rubbery and cut surfaces reveal numerous bulging yellow gray nodules |
| what are the secondary complications of nodular hyperplasia of the prostate? | urethral compression and obstruction with secondary hypertrophy and dilatation of the urinary bladder |
| what population is carcinoma of the prostate found in? | disease of old men and most cases occurs between ages 60 and 80 |
| what is the primary lesion of prostatic carcinoma? | poorly demarcated mass of hard gray white tissue located posterolaterally just under the prostatic capsule and is often multicentric |
| what does microscopic study reveal about prostatic carcinoma? | adenocarcinoma |
| when does metastases occur in prostatic carcinoma? | relatively late in the course of prostatic carcinoma remain latent without spread for decades and are most frequent in the regional lymph nodes and bones |
| what are the clinical features of prostatic carcinoma? | routine digital rectal examination as a hard nodule in the prostate |
| what does bone metastases cause? | back pain and anemia |
| what causes carcinoma of the uterine cervix? | infection of the cervical epithelium by high risk types of human papillomavirus HPV |
Created by:
Chobchi
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