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Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 claims of Evolution Theory | variations, hereditary, resources are limited, differential reproductive success |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equation | P^2+2PQ+Q^2 |
| hARDY-wEINBERG aSSUMPTIONS | no selection, no mutation, no migration, population is infinitely large, random mating |
| Chi Square | X^2 Sum(O-E)^2/E |
| natural selection | differential survival and reproduction |
| fitness | individual's genetic contribution to future generations |
| 3 Types of natural Selection | Stabilizing, Directional, Disruptive |
| Stabilizing | intermediates are selected for ex:babies |
| Directional | desired traits are selected for ex:beaks |
| Disruptive | intermediates are selected against ex:tan color |
| Mutation | creates new alleles provides raw material for evolution |
| gene migration | individual's move between populations |
| effect of migration dependent on 2 variables: | degree of genetic difference rate of migration |
| p(r) p(d) m | freq of allele in recipient freq of allele in donor rate of immigration |
| Genetic Drift | cumulative effect of sampling error that causes gene freq changes in a population over many generations |
| Founder Effect | portion of population leaves and starts a new population -allele freq is the founders not original population |
| Bottleneck | population reduces drastically no genetic diversity ex:panda |
| Nonrandom mating | inbreeding-incest selfing- homozygousity by descent |
| Inbreeding Depression | measure of loss of fitness caused by inbreeding |
| Speciation | diff species of one population are reproductively isolated from one another |
| Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms | biological barriers that prevent inbreeding |
| Anagenesis | overtime you change |
| Cladadogenesis | overtime species separate |
| Allopatric | evolution of geographically isolated populations into distinct species |
| Sympatric | new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same region |
| Reproduction Isolation Mechanisms pre-zygotic | geographic or ecological isolation seasonal or temporal isolation behavioral isolation mechanical isolation physiological isolation |
| Reproduction Isolation Mechanisms post zygotic mechanisms | hybrid nonviability or weakness developmental hybrid sterility segregational hybrid sterility F2 breakdown |
| Ecosystem | complex web of interdependent but diverse plants and animals found together in the same environment |
| Biodiversity | biological variation represented by all organisms |
| Conservative genetics | using genetics as a tool in understanding, maintaining and restoring biodiversity |
| 2 levels of genetic diversity | interspecific diversity intraspecific diversity |
| Interspecific Diversity | # of different plant and animal species in an ecosystem |
| Intraspecific Diversity | 1. Intrapopululation diversity- between individuals with a single pop of a species 2. Interpopulation diversity-between diff pop of the same species |
| Genetic Effects are... | more pronounced in small, isolated populations |
| Ex Situ Conservation | Captive Breeding Gene Bank |
| In Situ Conservation | preserve the species while it remains in its natural habitat |
| 2 Common Mechanisms for regulation gene expression | cytoplasmic localization-your mom cell-cell communication- neighboring cell |
| genes controlling embryonic development | maternal-effect genes zygotic genes |
| position info regulates.. | segmentation genes (gap,pair-rule, segment polarity genes) homeotic genes-fate of each segment |
| Runt Domain | DNA binding protein highly conserved in mice and humans |
| Homeotic Selector Genes | determine the structures to be formed by each segment |
| Homeobox | evolutionarily conserved encodes DNA binding factor--transcription factor |
| Gene Density | gene poor vs gene rich areas |
| Transcriptomics | analyze the global expression of genes |
| central dogma | DNA-RNA-protein |
| Genetic Material must Exhibit.. | replication storage of info expression of info variation by mutation |
| When it is not Mendelian ratio | Epigenetics, Epistatis, Quantitative Traits, Sex Chromosomes, problem in # of chromosomes |
| Highly Repetitive DNA | Satellite DNA |
| Tandem Repeats | rRNA genes, VNTRs, STRs |
| Interspersed Retrotransposons | SINES and LINES |
| Major Characteristics of Quantitative Traits | Continuous Variation, Quantified by measuring, Polygenic, Influenced by environment |
| Broad-Sense Heritability When value approaches 1 | Vg=Vp environment has little impact phenotypic variation is due to genotypic variation |
| Broad Sense Heritability When value approaches 0 | Vg=0 environment is almost soley responsible for phenotypic variation |
| Narrow sense Heritability When it is closer to 1 | phenotypic variance is largely due to additive variation -important to breeders |
| Narrow sense Heritability When it is closer to 0 | phenotypic variation is not due to additve variation |
| Characteristics of a plasmid | extrachromosomal, double stranded closed circular DNA, Self-replicating, Small, Multiple copies, No essential genes |
| Lytic Cycle of transduction | Baby prophages in cell then kill host cell |
| Lysogenic Cycle of transduction | baby prophages in cell and live in host cell |
| map unit | recombination frequency |
| 3-point mapping allow us to determine | gene order gene distance |
| Interference Conclusions When I=1 | Interference is complete. No DCO occurs |
| Interference Conclusions When I is positive | positive interference..less DCOs than expected |
| Interference Conclusions When I is negative | negative interference..more DCOs than expected |
| Aneuploidy | organism gains or loses one or more chromosomes but not a complete set |
| Euploidy | complete haploid sets of chromosomes are present |
| Monosomy | 2n-1 |
| Trisomy | 2n+1 |
| Diploidy | 2n |
| Polyploidy | 3n,4n,5n... |
| Autopolyploidy | multiples of the same genome |
| Allopolyploidy | Multiples of closely related genomes offspring is often sterile |
| Variations in Chromosome Structure | deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation |
| paracentric inversion | arm is not changed |
| pericentic inversion | arm is changed |
| Barr bodies | physical evidence that one of the X chromosomes will be inactivated |
| Lyon Hypothesis | early in development, inactivation of X chromosome is random-all subsequent progeny cells inactivate the same X as their progenitor cell |
| Sex Determination in Flies | Female ratio of X chromosome to autosome =1 Male ratio =0.5 |
| Mitochondrial DNA | circular, inherited maternally |
| Maternal Effect | an offspring's phenotype for a particular trait is under the control of maternal gene products (protein or RNA) |
| Epigenetics | DNA methylation and histone-modification changes expression not DNA |
| Incomplete Dominance | Neither red nor white is dominant heterozygous individuals-intermediate phenotype |
| Codominance | both alleles are being expressed M and N--MN |
| Overdominance | heterozygous individuals express more extreme phenotypes than homozygous counterparts sickle cell anemia |
| Bombay Phenotype | Genotypically not O but phenotypically O |
| Pleiotropy | one genotype, multiple phenotypic effects in one individual |
| X-linkage | reciprocal cross to determine if trait is sex linked |
| Penetrance | percentage of individuals who express the trait |
| Expressivity | the degree of the phenotypic expression |
| Why garden peas? | 1.easy to grow 2.self-crossed 3.high reproduction 4.grow fast 5.easily quantifiable |
| Testcross | cross with a homozygous recessive individual |
| Mendel's 2 Laws | random segregation independent assortment |
| random segregation | during the formation of gametes, the paired unit factor (2 alleles) segregate randomly |
| Independent Assortment | during gamete formation, segregating pairs of unit factors assorts independently of each other |
| Mitosis (differences from Meiosis) | 2 cells asexual no crossing over maintains ploidy |
| Meiosis (differences from Mitosis) | 4 cells sexual crossing over half the ploidy |
| Mitosis-Interphase | chromosomes are extended and uncoiled, forming chromatin DNA synthesis |
| Mitosis-Prophase | chromosomes coil up and condense, centrioles divide and move apart |
| Mitosis-Prometaphase | chromosomes are clearly double structures, centrioles reach opposite poles, spindle fibers form |
| Mitosis-Metaphase | centromeres align on metaphase plate |
| Mitosis-Anaphase | centromeres split and daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles |
| Mitosis-telophase | daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles |
| Meiosis-Prophase | homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis, crossover between synapsed homologs, chiasma |
| Meiosis-Anaphase1 | homologous chromosomes separated RANDOM SEGREGATION MENDELS LAW |
| Meiosis-Metaphase1 | alignment of each tetrad on metaphase plate is random INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT MENDELS LAW |
| Meiosis-Anaphase2 | sister chromatids separate |
| Reductional Division (Meiosis) | 4 chromosomes per cell to 2 chromosomes |
| Equational Division (Meiosis) | 2 chromosomes per cell to 2 chromosomes |
| major components of DNA | nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate |
| What DNA has that RNA doesn't | double strand T and RNA has U DNA is template for RNA and RNA is template for protein |
| DNA polymerases need | template DNA, primer to make free 3-OH end, dNTPs |
| DNA synthesis | unwind, uncoil, primer synthesis, polymerization, remove RNA primers, ligate fragments |
| Ways Eukaryotic DNA Replication differs from Prokaryotic Replication | -DNA is complexed with nucleosomes -chromosomes are linear rather than circular so more complicated -polymerases are slower |
| DNA Recombination | Nick-Strand Invasion-Ligation-Branch Migration-Separation-Nick-Ligation |
| Transcription | RNA molecules are synthesized using a DNA template |
| Ways RNA polymerase is different than DNA polymerase | -RNA has ribose instead of deoxyribose -no primer is required -sigma factor -U not T |
| Transcrips of Prokaryotes in Transcription | -polycistronic and monocistronic -coupled with translation -smaller |
| Transcrips of Eukaryotes in Transcription | -monocistronic -more stable -initial transcripts are larger |
| Transcription in Eukaryotes | -within the nucleus -rely on transcription factors -chromatin remodeling |
| Transcription in Prokaryotes | -translation and transcription are coupled -within cytoplasm -initiation doesn't require any initiation factprs |
| cis-acting element | "next to" adjacent part of same DNA molecule -promotor or enhancer |
| trans-acting element | "across from" -repressors, activators |
| Removing Introns mechanisms | 1. Splicesome 2. Autocatalytic RNAs |
| Characteristics of the genetic Code | -nearly universal -degenerate -unambiguous -non-overlapping -start and stop signals |
| Wobble Hypothesis | the initial two codes are more critical than the third in attracting the correct tRNA |
| Initiation of Prokaryotes | -AUG is start codon -first amino acid is fMet |
| Intiation of Eukaryotes | -Met is initial amino acid |
| Translation | ploymerization of amino acid into ploypeptide chains |
| DNA binding domains | -helix-loop-helix -helix-turn-helix -zinc finger -leucine zipper |
| how to tell if a compound is mutagenic | Ames Test |
| Nonsense Mutation | changes it into a Stop Codon |
| Missense Mutation | changes the amino acid |
| Silent Mutation | doesnt change the amino acid |
| Important Features of IS element | transposase and ITS |
| photoactivation repair | must absorb a photon of light to cleave the dimer |
| Excision Repair:base excision | AP endonuclease |
| Excision Repair: nucleotide excision | uvr gene clips out lesions in DNA |
| Proofreading | 3 to 5 exonuclease |
| Mismatch Repair | DNA methylation |
| SOS Repair | -error prone repair -RecA and LexA |
| Lac Operon | negatively controlled, inducible |
| trp Operon | negatively controlled, repressible |
| In absence of glucose... | adenyl cyclase makes cAMP..cAmP binds to CAP |
| In presence of glucose | adenyl cyclase activity, cAMP, CAP decreases |
| trp operon attenuation | transcription and translation are coupled |
| post-transcriptional regulation | 1. alternative splicing (flies) 2. controlling mRNA stability 3. translational and post translational controls (p53 and ubiquitin) 4. RNA induced gene silencing |
| 9:3:4 | if one allele is required for expression -B has to be there for expression |
| 12:3:1 | the dominant allele masks the expression of the other one |
| 9:7 | two dominant traits are required for expression -precursor--intermediate--final product |
| 9:6:1 | epistasis yields new phenotype in F2 |
| 9:3:3:1 with new phenotype | two pigments are synthesized from 2 independent pathways |
Created by:
esewell
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