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Note Cards
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is an adaptation? | A change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment. |
| How can evolution explain the range of complexity of eyes in modern organisms? | Evolution has made organisms look different from what they have looked like before because they have adapted to their environments and how they look now is what helps the organism best fit its environment. |
| When organisms moved to land, how did the exoskeleton become adapted? | It got harder because the exoskeletons were engineered to allow the animals to float and since they were on land, they didn't need to use their exoskeletons to move. |
| How are the flippers of penguins an example of how natural selection modified the existing structure for a different function? | The flippers of penguins were evolved to allow them to swim in the ocean to get their food. This shows natural selection because if some penguins didn't have the hydrodynamics for i to catch its food efficiently. |
| What is embryology? | The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development. |
| What event during an organism's embryonic development can result in a change in body form? | An organism's body can change for it to allow to be fitter for its environment (ex. camouflage). |
| What is a fossil? | The remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. |
| What can the position of the layers of rock tell us? | You can determine the different ages of the layers. |
| What does fossil evidence suggest about whales? | With the structure of the whale, fossil evidence suggests that wolves are an ancestor of whales. |
| How does geographic distribution support the theory of evolution? | Geographic distribution starts with the theory of Pangaea and we can see that there are the same animals on different parts of the Earth. |
| Why would a cat's leg and a human arm be considered homologous structures? | It would not because the cat and human do not have a direct ancestor. A homologous structure is a body part or parts that were |
| What is a vestigial structure? | Refers to an organ or part (for example, the human appendix) which is greatly reduced from the original ancestral form and is no longer functional or is of reduced or altered function. |
| How does molecular biology and DNA comparison support the theory of evolution? | Molecular biology and DNA comparison are clear evidence that shows the change and adaptation to prove evolution. |
| Explain how fossils form | Heat and pressure allow the skeleton of the organism to be buried into sediment. |
| How is a relative age of a fossil different than an absolute age? | Relative age refers to the age that is determined using the sequence of important events, which comes before or after the thing existed. Absolute age provides a numerical value on how long the the thing existed. |
| Explain how is a radioactive isotope like C14 and U238 used to date a fossil? | Every organism intakes a certain amount of Carbon. When it dies, it no longer does that causing it to decay. That causes the organism's skeleton to decay into the ground. |
| How does continental drift support the theory of evolution? | Continental drift is supported by the theory of Pangaea. It shows that there are the same organisms on different parts of the planet. |
| How does a mass extinction change conditions for species that survive. | Mass extinction changes conditions because there is one less organism trying to fight for food, space, and water. It altars the whole food web. |
| Georges Buffon - What were his ideas about evolution? | He believed that things do change over time. He believed that a change over time in environment. He also speculated that apes and humans were related. |
| Jean Baptiste de Lamarck - What were his ideas about evolution? | Lamarck was a protege of Buffon but he publicly told his ideas. He believed in inheritance of acquired characteristics. He believed that an organism would use a body part so much that it had evolved to better the organism. |
| Summarize Darwin's observation while on the Beagle | Different forms of life could change over time under the influence of natural and artificial selection. |
| Charles Lyell - What were his ideas? | He believed the Earth was very old and that there were slow changes in natural processes that shape the land. |
| Thomas Malthus - what were his ideas? | He concluded that not only organisms can over reproduce but humans can also when they are "unchecked". If man were to over reproduce, it would cause famines and over use of food. |
| Explain Darwin's Descent with Modification | Darwin believed that organisms evolved by natural selection and descent with modification which means organisms evolved but had also have ancestors. Evolution only occurs when there is a change in gene frequency. |
| Explain Darwin's Natural Selection | Where organisms are better adapted to their environment with leads them to produce more offspring and causes them to more likely survive. |
| What is the goal of artificial selection? | To produce a breed that will survive and will have desirable traits. |
| How does the use of pesticides aid the process of natural selection? | Pesticides allow the plants that aren't "strong" to live and that allows the "best" plants to grow. |
| Explain how natural selection causes the sickle cell allele to persist in some populations | Natural selection does not remove the allele. Natural selection will not take away the gene because there are always new mutations arising. |
| Explain how antibiotic resistance may evolve in bacteria | After bacteria is used to a certain antibiotic, it becomes resistant to it. Bacteria become "stronger" because the antibiotic will not "hold back" the bacteria. (ex. flu shot) |
| What is a gene pool? | the stock of different genes in an interbreeding population. |
| How do mutations lead to changes in the gene pool? | It will effect the next generation for the organism. |
| Overproduction | When an organism produces too many offspring and it is likely that not all of them will survive. |
| Variation | A modification in structure, form or function in an organism, deviating from other organisms of the same species or group. |
| Struggle for existence | Competition between living things to survive. |
| Differences in reproductive success | When an organism reproduces and the generation flourishes. |
| Evolution of adaptation | The adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an organism to become more suited to an environment. |
| What is a gene pool? | The stock of different genes in an interbreeding population. |
| How do mutations lead to changes in the gene pool? | Mutations can be carried down from one generation to another causing the gene pool to change. |
| How does sexual recombination lead to changes in the gene pool? | Sexual recombination are changes in the new combinations in genes which could be brought down to the next generations. |
| How does genetic drift lead to changes in the gene pool? | Chance can change the gene pool. Like natural disasters that occur without warning, they can easily kill many parts of an organism. |
| How does natural selection lead to changes in the gene pool? | If nature believes that an organism has a trait that will make it harder for the species to survive, it will probably eliminate that trait causing the gene pool to change. |
| How does gene flow lead to changes in the gene pool? | If organisms move from one place to another, it can effect their gene pool. (ex. migrating to America) |
| What is the bottleneck effect? | The decrease in genetic diversity, promoting the effects of stochastic genetic drift over natural selection. |
| What is the founder effect? | The reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors. |
| What is meant by a "biologically fit" organism? | An organism can easily find a mate and reproduce. |
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