Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
CH 15-17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are antigens? | Molecules that stimulate a response by T and B cells |
| What two features characterize specific immunity? | Specificity and Memory |
| Define Specificity | Antibodies made by an individual in response to antigens previously exposed to (due to disease or vaccine) |
| Define Memory | Lymphocytes are programmed to "remember" past exposures with an antigen and respond rapidly to subsequent encounters |
| What do cell receptors do? | Confer specificity and identity of a cell |
| Name the major functions of cell receptors | Perceive and attach to non-self or foreign molecules, Promote the recognition of self molecules, Receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system, Aid in cellular development |
| What is meant by "Antigen Processing?" | How the body recognizes something as foreign |
| What does MHC stand for? | Major Histocompatibility Complex |
| What are MHCs? | Receptors found on all cells (except RBCS) that play a role in recognition of self by the immune system and in rejection of foreign tissue. |
| What is MHC also known as? | HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) |
| What are the 2 types of MHC? | MHC I and MHC II |
| What does the MHC I do? | I marks cells as "self." (Unique to each person) |
| What does MHC II do? | Helps to present antigen to T-Helper cells. (Only found on certain cells [WBCs]) |
| What do receptors do? | They "view" markers |
| What do markers do? | The tell receptors who the are (ID Tags) |
| What do B-cell receptors do? | They bind free antigens |
| What do T-Cell receptors do? | They bind processed antigens together with the MHC molecules on the cells that present antigens to them. |
| Where do all Lymphocytes start? | In the bone marrow |
| Where do B Lymphocytes mature? | They stay in the bone marrow to mature |
| Where do T Cells Migrate for maturation? | Thymus |
| What are 2 generalities that you can derive from the clonal selection theory? | Lymphocyte specificity is preprogrammed - existing in the genetic makeup before an antigen has ever entered the system, Each genetically distinct lymphocyte expresses a single specificity and can react to only one type of antigen |
| In clonal selection and expansion, what occurs. | An antigen enters the body and is detected by the immune system. Specific lymphocytes recognize it. This contact makes the lymphocyte divide and expand into a larger population. Each in that population will have the same specificity. |
| What are immunoglobulins? | Large glycoproteins that serve as specific receptors of B-Cells. |
| The constant region of the Y shaped immunoglobulin is _____ among all IGs. | Similar |
| The Variable region of the Y shaped immunoglobulin _____. | depends on the antibody specific for an antigen. |
| Describe a T cell Receptor. | 2 parallel polypeptide chains with variable and constant regions. They are small and not secreted. |
| What is 1 difference in T and B Cells? | The T Cell is not secreted. |
| What directs T Cell Maturation? | The Thymus and its hormones |
| What term is used to differentiate classes of T Cell receptors? | Cluster of Differentiation (CD - as in CD4 and CD8) |
| The CD4 class of T Cell Receptors are ____. | Helper T Cells |
| The CD8 class of T Cell Receptors are ____. | Cytotoxic T Cells |
| Define antigen | A substance that provokes an immune response in specific lymphocytes. |
| Define Antigenicity | Property of behaving like an antigen - able to trigger an immune response |
| Define Immunogen | Something the DOES trigger an immune reponse |
| Name some antigen characteristics | Large molecules, perceived as foreign |
| Define hapten | Antigen that is too small to generate an immune response |
| Define epitope | Signal on an antigen that it is foreign |
| Define Alloantigens | Cell surface markers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species but not in other members of that species |
| Define Superantigen | Potent T Cell stimulators - provoke an overwhelming response |
| Define Allergen | antigen that evokes allergic reactions |
| Define autoantigens | Molecules on self tissues for which tolerance is inadequate |
| Name some antigen presenting cells. | Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, B-Cells |
| Explain antigen presentation | Antigen is phagocytized and moved to the APC surface (bound to MHCII), APC secretes interleukin 1 which activates Th cells, Th cells secrete interleukin 2 which activates B Cells and other cells |
| What is the principle antibody activities? | Unite with the Ag, call attention to it, or neutralize it |
| Define opsonization | Process of coating microorganisms or other particles with specific antibodies so they are more readily recognized by phagocytes |
| Define neutralization | Antibodies fill the surface receptors on a virus or the active site on a microbial enzyme to prevent it from attaching |
| Define agglutination | Antibody aggregation; cross-linking cells or particles not large clumps |
| Define complement fixation | Activation of the classical complement pathway can result in the specific rupturing of cells and some viruses |
| Define precipitation | aggregation of particulate antigen |
| Discuss IgG | Can cross the placenta, it is a monomer and it fixes complement |
| Discuss IgA | Can be a Dimer or Monomer, it is a secretory antibody (on mucus membranes) |
| Discuss IgM | Pentamer (5), Fixes complement |
| Discuss IgD | Monomer |
| Discuss IgE | Monomer (Antibody of allergies) |
| Discuss a primary response | After first exposure to an Ag, the immune system produces IgM and a gradual increase in antibody titer (concentration of antibodies) with the production of IgG |
| Discuss a secondary response | After second contact with the same antigen, the immune system produces a more rapid, stronger response due to memory cells |
| What is a secondary response called and why? | Anamnestic response because of its association with recall. |
| Monoclonal antibodies ______. | Originate from a single clone and have a single specificity for antigen, They are a pure preparation of an antibody, Used in diagnosis of disease, identification of microbes and therapy |
| Cell mediated immunity requires the direct involvement of ______. | T Lymphocytes |
| T Cells act ____ ___ antigens, unlike B cells that release antibodies into circulation | directly against |
| T cells secrete _____ that act on other cells | Cytokines |
| Sensitized T cells proliferate into long-lasting _____ ___ _____. | Memory T cells |
| Name the Types of T Cells | T Helper Cell 1 (Th1), T Helper Cell 2 (Th2), and T Cytotoxic cell (Tc) |
| Describe what a Th1 cell does. | Activates other Helper cells |
| Describe what a Th2 cell does. | Drives B-cells |
| Describe what a Tc cell does. | Kills foreign cells, cancer cells and virus infected cells |
| Describe a natural killer cell. | A Cell that lacks specificity and circulates through the spleen, blood and lungs |
| Perforins are _____ | hole punchers |
| Granzymes are ______ | Protein digesters |
| Apoptosis is ______ | Programmed cell death |
| Define active immunity | Your body is making antibodies |
| Define Passive immunity | It is given to you, no memory is made |
| Define natural immunity | immunity that is acquired as part of normal life experiences (getting sick) |
| Define artificial immunity | Immunity acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine |
| Passive immunity acquired through receiving immunoglobulin extracted from pooled blood is known as ______. | Immunotherapy |
| Artificial Active immunity is the process of ______. | Deliberately exposing a person to material (antigen) that is antigenic (provokes an immune response) but not pathogenic (gets them sick) |
| How are killed or inactivated vaccines made? | The desired strain is cultivated, then killed but antigenicity is not destroyed. |
| How are live vaccines made? | The virulence factor (ability to make sick) is lessened or eliminated. They can still make you sick. |
| What are some advantages of live vaccines? | They are able to multiply and cause infection but not disease, Protection is longer lasting, Usually require fewer doses and boosters |
| What are some disadvantages of live vaccines? | Require special storage, could revert back to virulent strain |
| Define adjuvant | Any compound that enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site |
| What is meant by herd immunity? | Individuals immune to a communicable disease will not harbor it which will reduce the occurrence of that pathogen |
| Immunopathology | The study of disease states associated with underactivity and overactivity of the immune response |
| Allergy/Hypersensitivity | an exaggerated, misdirected expression of immune responses to an allergen |
| Autoimmunity | Abnormal responses to self Ag |
| Immunodeficiency | deficiency or loss of immunity |
| Cancer | Both a cause and effect of immune dysfunction |
| What are two levels of allergic reaction severity? | Atopy and anaphylaxis |
| Atopy | Any chronic local allergy such as hay fever or asthma |
| Anaphylaxis | a systemic, often explosive reaction that involves airway obstruction and circulatory collapse |
| Atopic allergies may be ____ or they may be _____. | Lifelong, outgrown |
| Predisposition to allergies is _____, but not necessarily to a ______ allergy. | Familial, specific |
| Allergies can be affected by ____, ____, and ____ area. | Age, Infection and geographic |
| Where are mast cells located? | In connective tissue of virtually all organs |
| Where are basophils located? | They circulate in blood and migrate to tissues |
| A sensitizing dose is considered the ____ ____. | First contact with an allergen that doesn't elicit signs or symptoms |
| A Provocative Dose is a ______ exposure to an allergen that elicits signs and symptoms. | subsequent |
| Histamine, serotonin, leukotriene, platelet activating factor, prostaglandins, bradykinin | Each can act alone or some combination of them, they account for scope of allergic symptoms |
| General targets of allergens include.... | Skin, conjunctiva, GI Tract, Respiratory tract |
| Systemic targets of allergens include.... | smooth muscles, mucous glands, and nervous tissue |
| Which chemical mediator is the most profuse and fastest acting? | Histamine |
| Histamine stimulates.... | smooth muscle, glands, eosinophils |
| Specific atopic diseases include... | hay fever, rhinitis, seasonal allergies, inhaled plant pollen, mold - asthma, eczema |
| Food allergies can affect ___ and ___ | skin respiratory tract |
| Cutaneous Anaphylaxis | Wheal and flare response to local injection of allergy |
| Systemic Anaphylaxis | Sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption |
| Hygiene Hypothesis | WE ARE TOO CLEAN...could lead to Alzheimer's |
| Treatment and prevention of anaphylaxis includes... | Avoid the allergen, use medications that block the actions of the lymphocytes (antihistamines) |
| Injecting allergens as a treatment for allergies is known as ..... | Desensitization Therapy |
| Type I hypersensitivity mostly involves.... | Allergic Reactions |
| Type II Hypersensitivity involves... | Reactions that lyse foreign cells |
| Blood transfusions can elicit a Type ___ hypersensitivity reaction. | II |
| Hemolytic disease of the newborn involves... | Differences in the mother's and child's Rh factors |
| Type A blood would contain antibodies that react against __ antigens | B |
| Type B blood would contain antibodies that react against __ antigens | A |
| Type O blood would contain antibodies that react against __ and __ antigens | A B |
| Type AB blood would contain ___ antibodies against A and B antigens | No |
| An arthus reaction is _____ | a localized dermal injury due to inflamed blood vessels |
| Serum sickness.... | systemic injury initiated by antigen-antibody complexes that circulate in the blood |
| Type IV hypersensitivity is a ____ allergic response | Delayed (TB skin test, metals, cosmetics, dermatitis [poison ivy] from plants) |
| Autograft | Graft from self |
| Isograft | Graft from identical twin |
| Allograft | Graft from someone else (within the same species) |
| Xenograft | Graft from an individual of a differing species |
| Graves Disease causes ___ | Hyperthyroidism |
| Diabetes mellitus causes ____ | a reduction in insulin production |
| Myasthenia gravis.... | pronounced muscle weakness |
| Multiple sclerosis... | paralyzing neuromuscular disease |
| In immunodeficiency diseases... | components of the immune response system are absent |
| Primary immunodeficiency is usually ___ and involve ____ ____. | congenital, genetic errors |
| Secondary immunodeficiency diseases are... | acquired after birth, caused by natural or artificial agents |
| AIDS is the most common ______ immunodeficiency disease. | secondary |
| AIDS infection is marked with numerous ____ and ____ | opportunistic infections, cancers |
| Phenotypic | observable under microscopes (Macro = colonies) (Micro = Cells) |
| Genotypic | Genetic makeup |
| Immunological | serology; antibody-antigen reactions |
| In immunological testing ___ ____ are used to detect antigens rather than testing for microbe itself. | specific antibodies |
| Phenotypic method | Grow colony and observe |
Created by:
wiveys
Popular Biology sets