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Microbiology Test 5
Epidemiology-Sterlization and infection control
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is epidemiology? | how infectious diseases are spread |
| what is infectious disease? | caused by an infectious agent, not spreadable person to person tetanus caused by clostridium |
| what is communicable diseases? | transmission directly or indirectly from an infected person measles can be transmitted from person to person |
| what are transmissible diseases? | transmission through unnatural routes from an infected person mad cow from prion |
| what is one way of proving that a given disease is infectious? | koch's postulates have not done it with HIV and mad cow |
| in order for an infectious disease process to occur there must be... | agent, host, environment |
| what is the chain of transmission? | pathogen source mode of transmission route of entry susceptible host |
| what is infectivity of a pathogen? | ability of an agent to invade and multiply in host measles is high- short time to get infected leprosy is low- long time to get infected |
| what is pathogenicity of a pathogen? | ability to produce clinical apparent illness chicken pox- high tuberculosis- low |
| what is virulence of a pathogen? | ability to cause death rabies is high polio is low |
| what is immunogenicity of a pathogen? | ability to produce specific immunity |
| what types of microorganisms are most difficult to kill on surfaces or instruments? | bacterial spores (bacillus subtillis) mycobacteria (mycobacterium tuberculosis) non lipid viruses (HIV) fungi (Candida) vegetative bacteria (staphylococcus) medium sized lipid viruses (HBV) |
| what is a reservoir? | anyplace an infectious agent can survive, grow or multiply humans, animals, environment |
| what is an overt infection? | clinical disease, apparent infection |
| what is a covert infection | inapparent or subclinical infection |
| what is a carrier? | individual harbors organism but it is not infected as measured by serologic tests or by clinical manifestations |
| what is an incubatory carrier? | it is covert affecting you, it is getting ready to be spread |
| what is a convalescent carrier? | you have the disease and it is overt and you are spreading the disease to others but you are going to get over that disease |
| what is a chronic carrier? | you have the disease and it is over and you are spreading the disease to others but you are NOT going to get over that disease |
| what is infectious disease epidemiology? | two or more populations, infected and non infected the cause often known, people may be immune, case may be a source without being recognized |
| what is non infectious disease epidemiology? | deals with one population, disease that is not infected identifies causes, breast cancer or diabetes mellitus |
| what are the outcomes after exposure to an infectious agent? | no infection clinical infection subclinical infection carrier |
| what are the outcomes after you get a clinical infection? | death carrier immunity no immunity |
| what are the outcomes after you get a subclinical infection? | carrier immunity no immunity |
| what is the latent period? | period of infection without being infectious right after exposure or late in the disease |
| what is infectious period? | length of time a person can transmit disease |
| what is the incubation period? | period between infection and clinical onset of disease no infectious agents being passed on |
| what is the index case? | the first case identified |
| what is the primary case? | the case that brings the infection into a population |
| what is the secondary case? | infected by a primary case |
| what is herd immunity? | resistance of a group to develop a specific disease/epidemic because large proportion of the group membranes are immune |
| what is a sporadic disease? | occasional cases occurring at irregular intervals |
| what is endemic disease? | occurrence within the expected level |
| what is a epidemic or outbreak disease? | occurrence clearly in excess of the expected level for a given time period |
| what is a pandemic disease? | epidemic spread over several countries or continents, affecting a large number of people |
| what is a propagated epidemic? | results from transmission of infectious agent from one host to another cases develop beyond one incubation period |
| what is a common source epidemic? | exposure to common influence cases develop within one incubation period |
| what is Ro or reproductive number | describes the potential for disease transmission |
| if the Ro is equal to 1 | individual that is infected can successfully transfer that infection to one other person, endemic disease |
| if the Ro is equal greater than 1 | become epidemic, can transfer that infection to more than one person |
| if the Ro is less than one | the infection is not spreading, it will disappear |
| what are the two categories of parasites? | protozoa and metazoa (helminths) |
| what are intestinal protozoa? | entamoeba, giardia, cryptosporidium |
| what are the urogenital protozoa? | trichomonas |
| what are the blood and tissue protozoa? | plasmodium, toxoplasma, trypanosoma, leishmania, naegleria |
| what is entamoeba histolytica? | human host only, ameba (trophozoite and cyst stages) fecal oral infection by cysts, causes dysentery may cause periodontal disease |
| two types of flat worms? | flukes and tapeworms |
| what is giardia lamblia? | "beaver fever" animal and human hosts, ameba and cyst stages fecal oral infection by cysts infection of the duodenum, NO INVASION causes diarrhea, foul smell, cramps |
| what is cryptosporidium parvum? | animal and human hosts, multiple stages of development fecal oral infection by oocysts infection of the jejunum, NO INVASION causes watery diarrhea run off from pet waste may affect water supplies and swimming pools resistant to chlorine |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | human host only, trophozoite only STD, requires physical contact, generally asymptomatic causes watery green discharge |
| what is plasmodium species? | causes malaria worldwide, multiple stages of development sexual in mosquito, asexual in human host destroys red blood cells, splenomegalia, hepatomegalia, anemia |
| what is toxoplasma gondii? | feline host, multiple stages of development infection by uncooked meat, feces, congenital transmission invade gut wall and replicate spreading, affinity for neural tissue have boyfriend/husband change litter box |
| what is trypanosome species? | T. Cruxi or Chagas' disease animal and human reservoirs vector is reduviid bug (kissing bug) rural central and south america |
| what are the phases of trypanosome T. cruzi or chagas' disease? | acute phase: fever, swelling, hepatosplenomegaly chronic phase: myocarditis, arrhythmias no chronic treatment |
| what is african sleeping sickness T. gambiense, T. rhodesiense | human and animal reservoirs vector: tsetse fly infection by fly bite, spread to lymph nodes and brain: demylinating encephalitis untreated can cause coma and pneumonia |
| what is leishmani donovani? | animal reservoirs vector: female sand fly infection by fly bite, spread to liver, spleen and bone marrow |
| what is naegleria fowleri? | free living ameba, found in warm and stagnant water causes purulent meningitis, rapidly fatal because by the time it is diagnosed it's too late goes up into your nares, replicates in the brain |
| what is special about tape worms? | rounded head- scolex multiple segmented body: proglottids infects by ingestion of cysts: undercooked meat passes through intermediate host, shed eggs can re-infect |
| what is taenia solum? | pork tape worm ingestion of cysts, worm grows in GI tract, shed eggs in feces ingestion of eggs causes cysticerosis, eggs hatch and can disseminate through out the body like eyes and brain |
| what is taenia saginata? | beef tape worm ingestion of cysts, worms grows in GI tract, shed eggs in feces ingestion of egg DOES NOT cause cystiercosis (no brain lesions) |
| what is diphyllobothrium latum? | fish tape worm, get it from raw fish bear ingests raw fish, poops out cyst and copepod eat it and the fish eat it...humans eat raw fish |
| what is echinococcus granulosus? | dog tape worm human infection is dead end disease ingestion of dog feces containing eggs eggs develop into cysts in liver, causes liver disfunction |
| what is special about tomatoes or flukes? | invade blood, liver, lungs sexual cycle in humans, asexual in intermediate hosts fresh water snail somehow involved infection by penetration of skin by cercariae or ingestion of cysts |
| what is schistosoma species? | blood fluke, penetrates skin |
| what is clonorchis sinensis? | liver fluke, ingested raw fish |
| what is paragonimus westeramni? | lung fluke, ingested raw crab |
| what is fasciola hepatica? | liver fluke- ingested, water cress |
| what are the classification of nematodes or round worms? | intestinal worms: ingestion of eggs or larval penetration of skin tissue worms: ingestion of eggs or larvae, larval penetration, vector bite |
| what is enterobius vermicularis? | pinworms, human host only (kids) most common helminth in USA fecal oral infection by egg females migrate to perianal area to lay eggs, itching allergic reaction no stage outside humans |
| what is trichuris, trichuira? | whip worm, survives in the soil southern states: pooping outside and the worms live in the soil and penetrate the skin if you go outside barefoot |
| what is ascaris lumbricoides? | causes ascariasis, transmitted by eggs in feces infection by ingestion, penetrate wall of intestine, migration in blood to lung pass up trachea and swallowed and return to intestine may cause pneumonia |
| what is trichinella spirals? | larve encysts in striated muscle, ingestion of undercooked meat matures in intestine, worms mate and release larvae which migrate to muscle tissue pigs main reservoir |
Created by:
Chobchi
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