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Immunology (final)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 2 types of immunity? | innate and adaptive/acquired immunity |
| Mechanical/chemical is also part of ___ immunity. | innate |
| What is an example of mechanical defense (innate) ? | skin |
| What is an example of chemical defense (innate) ? | lungs secrete mucus, low pH proteases and enzymes when we digest food, lysosomes in tears that degrade cell walls |
| List 3 phagocytic cells in innate immunity? | macrophage, dendrite cell, neutrophil |
| List phagocytic cell in adaptive immunity? | natural killer cell |
| A group of proteins that act in a cascade that causes pores to form on outer surface of bacteria/fungi. | complement cascade |
| A much more selective immunity; after pathogen is phagocytosed and broken down the pieces are presented to B cells and T cells (specific for a certain type of infection) | adaptive immunity |
| What 2 types of cells are found in adaptive immunity? | b and t cells |
| What 2 things are found in complement cascade? | IL-1 and IL-6 |
| Takes minutes to hours to reach? | innate immunity |
| Takes days to reach? | adaptive immunity |
| Where does filtering of lymph and maturation of white blood cells occur? | lymph nodes |
| What discharges lymph into blood? | thoracic duct |
| Where does t-cell maturation occur? | thymus |
| What conveys lymph? | lymph vessels |
| Where does lymphocyte maturation and filtering of lymph occur? | spleen |
| Where does B-cell development, and T cell precursors occur? | bone marrow |
| At what end of capillary does predominant movement of fluid from interstitial spaces into bloodstream occur? | venous end |
| At what end of capillary does predominant movement of fluid from bloodstream into interstitial spaces occur? | arterial end |
| Excess interstitial fluid and escaped protein drain into _____. | interstitial spaces |
| Within the interstitial fluid there is a sampling of what is in the surrounding _____. | environment |
| _____ takes a small sample of interstitial fluid and scans it. | lymphatic system |
| Most of the interstitial fluid gets reabsorbed into the capillaries, but a small amount will diffuse into ___ which dump the fluid into a ___. | lymph vessels, lymph node |
| If ____ are swollen then the immune system can be starting to launch a response. | lymph nodes |
| ___ cells and ___ cells are activated through the lymph nodes. | b, t |
| B cells and T cells quickly disperse through the ____. | circulatory system |
| List 3 phagocytes and antigen presenting cells in innate immune system | macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells |
| List 2 instances in which complement is used in innate immune system | to target fungi and microbes |
| List 5 steps in the activation of B cells and production of antibodies. | (1)mature t and b cells to nodes by circ (2)(antigen)laden dendrite cell (3)b cells bind antigen and move to follicle (4) activation of t cell by dendritic cell (5) activated t cells interact w/b cells = b cell differentiation and antibody production |
| Natural killer cells (NKs) target and destroy? | virally infected cells |
| On surface of cells that allow it to recognize foreign particles. | toll like receptors (TLR) |
| Proteins that are part of complement pathway. | serum proteins |
| Serum is high in ____ and ____. | proteins and growth factors |
| Microbes are bound by ___ | antibodies |
| Antibodies that are bound to microbes will initiate a _____. | complement cascade |
| What are the 3 types of complement pathways? | classical pathway, mannose-binding lactin (MBL) pathway, and alternative pathway |
| All 3 pathways convert on the ___ protein. | C3 |
| C3 stimulates the formation of ? | membrane attack complex |
| The membrane attack complex forms____ on cells and leads to____. | pores, osmotic lysis |
| A lot of fungi have _____ present on their walls. | mannose sugars |
| In blood we have ____ that will bind to mannose sugars. | lectin |
| Once lectin binds to mannose it will induce ____ and cascade and ______. | complement, osmotic lysis |
| What inhibits activation of NK cells? | normal cells |
| Natural killer cells will perform killing through perforin/granzymes to what 2 types of cells? | stressed/cancerous cell and virus infected cell |
| Natural killer cells help other cells by activating what on IFN-gamma? | anti-viral defense |
| NKs seek and destroy virus-infected cells by looking for ? | type I interferon secretion |
| When a cell is infected it secretes what? | type I interferon |
| ___ and ___ released by NKs can cause ____ in cells. | perforin, granzymes, apoptosis |
| T cells are able to recognize just the cells that are _____. | infected with a virus |
| In order to get antibody response and T-cell mediated response what must happen first? | the virus interacting with the innate immune system |
| Only those T cells that recognize the ______ on phagocytic cells get activated. | presented proteins |
| Foreign material that can elicit an immune response (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids) | antigen |
| Small region of an antigen that is recognized by an antibody molecule | epitope |
| Ability to recognize self and non self comes down to ____. | genetics |
| If to people are more genetically similiar, then they are more_____. | self like |
| Immune system does not recognize ______ but recognizes bigger regions called _____. | individual proteins, epitopes |
| Epitopes are usually ____ in length. | 10 AA |
| Cells constantly present self _____. | antigens |
| What does MHC stand for? | major histocompatibility complex |
| MHC Class I is a ____ transmembrane _____. | single pass, glycoprotein |
| The presence of __ - __ foreign _______ on the surface can result in targeted cell death (perforins/granzymes). | 1-2, MHC-peptide complexes |
| MHC proteins go through ____ pathway, and are first translated in the ____. | secretory, rough er |
| When proteins have high error rates in translation it is targeted for ___ and ____ (MHC I). | Ub addition, proteolysis |
| Proteins with errors are sent to _____ to be degraded and get broken down to _____ (MHC I). | proteosome, peptides |
| Once peptides are broken down in the proteosome they move into the ____ through a specific transporter (MHC I) | rough er |
| Once peptides are in the ER they are bound by the ______ proteins (MHC I) | MHC 1 |
| After peptides are bound to MHC class 1 proteins they can go through normal ____ pathway and reach the ____ where the cell is now presenting the small peptide (MHC I) | secretory, plasma membrane, |
| Viruses can make own proteins. T or F? | False |
| Viral proteins are also susceptible to ___. | errors |
| Viral proteins get degraded to viral ____ and move to ER, then they can also be presented to ___. | peptides, plasma membrane |
| There are hundreds of thousands of _____ alleles. | MHC |
| Different ____ proteins will bind different peptides that get moved to the cell surface. | MHC I |
| It is the ____ that binds to the MHC I and gets presented to the plasma membrane. | peptide epitope |
| MHC I proteins are a ____ protein | heterodimer |
| ____ bind antigens presented on MHC class I. | t cell receptors |
| When foreign antigens are detected _____ cells kill infected cells. | cytotoxic T cells |
| If there is an activated T cell then it will look for ____ to stimulate the T cell and induce apoptosis in the cell. | molecular complementary |
| Consist of an alpha and beta chain held together with disulfide bonds. | T cell receptors |
| The ______ regions of the T cell receptor bind to the antigen. | n terminal |
| Each T cell will only express molecular complementary to ____. | 1 antigen |
| Once cytotoxic T cells bind to the target cell they form an interaction and a ____ is activated. | pathway |
| Vesicles loaded with ____ and ___ will dock and release proteins that will diffuse across and form ___ that lead to ____. | perforsins, granzymes, pores, apoptosis |
| In early development some ___ that recognize ___ undergo apoptosis; only those that identify ___ survive. | T cells, self, non-self |
| If T cells that recognize self do not undergo apoptosis, then there can be a degradation of ____. | normal cells |
| Granzyes and perforins go to the ____ which results in ____ and death. | endosome, caspase activation |
| Some autoimmune diseases result from defects in _____ development. | T cell |
| In innate immune response, microbes enter through break in skin are are phagocytosed by _____ . | dendrite cell |
| In the innate immune response, the activated dendritic cell carries microbial antigens to local _____. | lymph node |
| In the adaptive immune response, the activated dendritic cell activates _____ to respond to microbial antigens on dendritic cell surface. | t cells |
| The activated T cell migrates to the site of infection via the ____. | blood |
| The T-cell receptor binds to ____ on ____ protein, and becomes activated. | peptide, MHC |
| Activated T cells will ____, _____, and enter the blood. | multiply, differentiate |
| Which cytotoxic T cells are activated (MHC I) to seek out and kill infected cells. | CD8+ T cells |
| Which cells are helper T- cells? | CD4+ T cells |
| What 2 important things do CD4 + T cells (helper T cells) do? | 1. secrete cytokines to activate cytotoxic T cells 2. activate the adaptive immune response and activate B cells |
| MHC class II will activate ? | CD4+ T cell (helper T cells) |
| MHC class I will activate ? | all other kinds of cells (including CD8+ T cell, cytotoxic T cells) |
| MHC class I will not activate? | CD4+ T cell (helper T cells) |
| In the ____ cytotoxic T cells are activated by _____. | lymph node, MHC class I |
| T helper (TH) cell activation is by _____. | MHC class II |
| When a macrophage interacts with cytotoxic T cell, ____ causes the activation of the T cell. | CD8 |
| When a macrophage interact with helper T cell, ____ causes the activation of the helper T cell. | CD4 |
| _______ cells also present antigens from phagocytosed material via ______ proteins | professional phagocytic, MHC Class II |
| Macrophages dendritic cells bring in antigens through? | phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis |
| B cells bring in antigens through? | BCR -mediated endocytosis |
| Antigens get broken down to _____ and ____ in the lysosome. | peptides and peptide epitope |
| Antigens get broken down by ____ and by _____ in the lysosome. | pH dependent unfolding (reduction of S-S bonds), proteolysis by lysosomal peptidases |
| Before endosome the MHC are going through _____ pathway. | normal |
| MHC Class II proteins form in the ___. | ER |
| MHC Class II proteins transport to the endosome via _____. | golgi complex |
| Where do MHC class 2 undergo final processing to be able to bind antigens? | endosome |
| When MHC is loaded with ____ it goes to the ___. | antigens, plasma membrane |
| Made of 2, non-identical single pass transmembrane glycoproteins. | MHC Class II |
| Antigen presenting cells use ____ and ____ to activate t cells (cytotoxic and t helper) | MHC class I, MHC class II |
| T cell interacts with ____ cell through _____ and _____ interaction. | B , TCR (t cell receptor)-MHC, CD40L-CD40 |
| The B cell is activated after it interacts with an ____. | activated T helper cell |
| An activated B cell secretes ____. | IgM |
| T Cell Receptors on TH cells interact with _____ presented by MHC Class II. | antigens |
| A B cell can be bound to antigen but needs to interact with ____ to produce antibodies. | helper t cell |
| T cell epitope binds to ___ and is recognized by ____. | MHC, TCR |
| B cell epitope binds to ____. | BCR |
| Foreign material that can elicit an immune response (e.g., a protein). | antigen |
| Small region of an antigen that is recognized by an antibody molecule | epitope |
| An antibody is a ___ shaped structure with 2 identical ____ and 2 identical ____. | Y, heavy chains, light chains |
| Heavy chain + heavy chain and heavy chain + light chain are held together by ? | disulfide bonds |
| The region that binds an antigen, and can be variable. | top domain (FAD) |
| The bottom portion of an antibody is ___. | constant (changes little between antibody types) |
| An antigen binds to what chains on an antibody? | both heavy and light chains |
| An antibody can only bind to 1 antigen. T or F? | False, it can bind to 2 or 1 |
| Antibodies also have major roles in ____ digestion and ____ digestion. | papain, pepsin |
| Antibody that is a pentamer and has 10 different binding sites available. | IgM |
| Antibody that is a dimer and has 4 binding sites available. | IgA |
| Antibody that is a monomer and has 2 binding sites available. | IgE and IgG |
| When antibodies bind to surface proteins they initiate ____. | complement |
| The cascade in complement funnels through ___ and we get ____ of the cell. | c3, lysis |
| What is the advantage to 10 different binding sites on antibody? | Has more opportunites to interact with proteins; as long as a couple remain in contact the molecule will stay on surface (avidity) low chance of the Ig falling off. Helps to initiate the cascade a lot quicker. |
| Pentameric IgM and dimeric IgA are both stabilized by what additional polypeptide? | J chain |
| ___ help in stabilizing all types of antibodies. | carbohydrates |
| T Cell receptors and antibodies have ____ regions for diverse antigen recognition. | variable |
| Variable regions are at the end of ____ and ____. | heavy chains, light chains |
| B cells express __ type of receptor (s). | one |
| In Ig the ____ form contact with the antigens. | surface loops (CDR/HV) |
| Surface loops are referred to as ____. | hypervariable region (HV) |
| If you take a b cell and sequence, the regions where the variability is significant (residue # graph) correspond to ? | HV regions |
| Somatic recombination occurs in the light and heavy chain genes in each cell during ____. | B cell differentiation |
| What maximizes the diversity of antibodies with a small amount of DNA? | somatic recombination |
| Large scale changes in antibodies occur when there are changes in the ____. | hypervariable regions |
| What are the 3 steps in antibody diversity in B cells? | 1. recombination 2. somatic hypermutation 3.affinity maturation |
| Gene layout consists of V, J, and C domains. | light chain |
| Gene layout consists of V, D, J, C domains. | heavy chain |
| In the rearranged DNA of the light chain, only 1 ___ combines with 1 ____. | V domain, J domain |
| For the light chain there is about ___ V domain s and __ J domains which allows the formation of very different ___. | 40, 4, proteins |
| In the rearranged DNA of the heavy chain, 1 of each ___, ___, and ____ domains combine. | V, D, J |
| Once DNA is rearranged in heavy and light chains, there is further pairing recombination by? | pairing of different heavy and light chains |
| There are multiple domains of V, D, and J, in the heavy chain. T or F? | True |
| Cells that secrete antibodies | B cells |
| Once a particular B cell is activated to proliferate, ______ _______ occurs. | somatic hypermutation |
| Programmed process of mutation affecting the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes. Unlike germline mutation, SHM affects only individual immune cells, and the mutations are not transmitted to offspring. | somatic hypermutation |
| During hypermuation, cells get more than 1 ____ each time the cell divides. | point mutation |
| Somatic hypermutation results in? | additional variation |
| During somatic hypermutation there is subtle changes in the _____ regions. | hypervariable |
| Affinity matured B cells can differentiate to become _____ or ______. | secreting cells (plasma cells), memory cells |
| The clonal population of b cells with subtle changes get ____ to presented antigen | retested |
| If a retested b cell causes weaker binding it undergoes ___. | apoptosis |
| If a retested b cell causes tighter binding it is _____ to start dividing even more. | preserved |
| Cells that function to make antibodies and secrete them. | plasma membrane cells |
| How can b cells secrete 2 to 3 thousand antibodies per second? | surrounded by a lot of ER |
| Why are memory b cells important? | if immune system is challenged at a later date by the same pathogen, you already have high affinity antibodies generated. |
| Plasma cells are also known as ____. | secreting cells |
| Somatic recombination leads to a ____ of b cells. | diverse pool |
| When immune system is challenged how do b cells respond? | b cells activated and undergo clonal expansion, once population reaches a certain size it is retested to antigen, only those that bind tightly are retained |
| Macrophages are presenting multiple ___ which can activate different ____. | epitopes, b cells |
| One large antigen can be targeted by different ____. | antibodies |
| Immune system targets multiple ____ and multiple _____ on those _____. | surface proteins, sites, proteins |
| When antibodies bind to the surface of a pathogen and form a coat around it. | opsinization |
| Once the antibody coats the ____, then the ____ region of the antibody will attach to the ____ receptor of the ______ or _____. | bacterium, Fc, Fc, macrophage, neutrophil |
| After the macrophage or neutrophil attaches to the Fc region of the antibody it will _____ the bacterium. | phagocytose |
| An active ____ stimulates phagocytosis. | Fc receptor |
| After a bacterium is phagocytosed there is an ____ destruction of the bacterium and a release of ____. | intracellular, contents |
| After the release of contents there is presentation of bacterial antigens to ___ cells via ______ cross presentation and ____ MHC. | T cells, class I, class II |
| Lipid presentation is done via ____. | CD1 |
| Phagocytosis is done through _____. | TLR |
| Members of the ___ system stimulate members of the _____ system. | innate, adaptive |
| The response when our immune system first encounters a virus. | primary response |
| In primary response it takes about ___ week to have maximal levels of ___ and about ___ weeks to have maximal levels of ___. | 1, IgM, 2, IgG |
| Memory cells are responsible for this more efficient response, the immune system has already encountered a specific antigen. | secondary response |
| Sleeping sickness is caused by ____ ____ which is carried by the _____ fly. | trypanosoma brucei, tsetsefly |
| After trypanosoma brucei (sleeping sickness) invades the host some of the daughter cells will switch the ____ proteins so that _____ cannot recognize them, however it will recognize it as ___ particles and initiate another response. | surface, antibodies, foreign |
| Our immune system cannot keep up with switching of _____ proteins done by trypanosoma brucei. | surface |
| Eventually sleeping sickness will invade the ___ and ___ and cross the ___ ___ barrier and start to affect _____ rhythms. | heart, kidneys, blood brain, circadium |
Created by:
theroge14