Immunology (final)
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| What are the 2 types of immunity? | show 🗑
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| Mechanical/chemical is also part of ___ immunity. | show 🗑
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| show | skin
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| What is an example of chemical defense (innate) ? | show 🗑
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| show | macrophage, dendrite cell, neutrophil
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| List phagocytic cell in adaptive immunity? | show 🗑
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| show | complement cascade
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| A much more selective immunity; after pathogen is phagocytosed and broken down the pieces are presented to B cells and T cells (specific for a certain type of infection) | show 🗑
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| What 2 types of cells are found in adaptive immunity? | show 🗑
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| show | IL-1 and IL-6
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| Takes minutes to hours to reach? | show 🗑
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| Takes days to reach? | show 🗑
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| show | lymph nodes
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| show | thoracic duct
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| show | thymus
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| What conveys lymph? | show 🗑
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| Where does lymphocyte maturation and filtering of lymph occur? | show 🗑
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| show | bone marrow
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| At what end of capillary does predominant movement of fluid from interstitial spaces into bloodstream occur? | show 🗑
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| At what end of capillary does predominant movement of fluid from bloodstream into interstitial spaces occur? | show 🗑
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| show | interstitial spaces
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| Within the interstitial fluid there is a sampling of what is in the surrounding _____. | show 🗑
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| show | lymphatic system
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| show | lymph vessels, lymph node
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| show | lymph nodes
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| ___ cells and ___ cells are activated through the lymph nodes. | show 🗑
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| B cells and T cells quickly disperse through the ____. | show 🗑
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| show | macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
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| show | to target fungi and microbes
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| List 5 steps in the activation of B cells and production of antibodies. | show 🗑
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| show | virally infected cells
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| On surface of cells that allow it to recognize foreign particles. | show 🗑
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| Proteins that are part of complement pathway. | show 🗑
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| Serum is high in ____ and ____. | show 🗑
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| show | antibodies
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| show | complement cascade
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| show | classical pathway, mannose-binding lactin (MBL) pathway, and alternative pathway
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| show | C3
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| show | membrane attack complex
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| show | pores, osmotic lysis
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| show | mannose sugars
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| show | lectin
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| Once lectin binds to mannose it will induce ____ and cascade and ______. | show 🗑
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| What inhibits activation of NK cells? | show 🗑
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| Natural killer cells will perform killing through perforin/granzymes to what 2 types of cells? | show 🗑
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| Natural killer cells help other cells by activating what on IFN-gamma? | show 🗑
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| show | type I interferon secretion
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| When a cell is infected it secretes what? | show 🗑
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| show | perforin, granzymes, apoptosis
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| T cells are able to recognize just the cells that are _____. | show 🗑
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| In order to get antibody response and T-cell mediated response what must happen first? | show 🗑
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| show | presented proteins
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| show | antigen
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| show | epitope
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| show | genetics
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| show | self like
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| show | individual proteins, epitopes
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| Epitopes are usually ____ in length. | show 🗑
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| Cells constantly present self _____. | show 🗑
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| show | major histocompatibility complex
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| MHC Class I is a ____ transmembrane _____. | show 🗑
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| show | 1-2, MHC-peptide complexes
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| MHC proteins go through ____ pathway, and are first translated in the ____. | show 🗑
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| show | Ub addition, proteolysis
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| Proteins with errors are sent to _____ to be degraded and get broken down to _____ (MHC I). | show 🗑
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| show | rough er
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| Once peptides are in the ER they are bound by the ______ proteins (MHC I) | show 🗑
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| show | secretory, plasma membrane,
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| show | False
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| show | errors
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| Viral proteins get degraded to viral ____ and move to ER, then they can also be presented to ___. | show 🗑
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| There are hundreds of thousands of _____ alleles. | show 🗑
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| Different ____ proteins will bind different peptides that get moved to the cell surface. | show 🗑
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| show | peptide epitope
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| show | heterodimer
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| show | t cell receptors
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| show | cytotoxic T cells
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| If there is an activated T cell then it will look for ____ to stimulate the T cell and induce apoptosis in the cell. | show 🗑
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| Consist of an alpha and beta chain held together with disulfide bonds. | show 🗑
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| The ______ regions of the T cell receptor bind to the antigen. | show 🗑
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| Each T cell will only express molecular complementary to ____. | show 🗑
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| show | pathway
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| show | perforsins, granzymes, pores, apoptosis
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| show | T cells, self, non-self
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| If T cells that recognize self do not undergo apoptosis, then there can be a degradation of ____. | show 🗑
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| Granzyes and perforins go to the ____ which results in ____ and death. | show 🗑
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| Some autoimmune diseases result from defects in _____ development. | show 🗑
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| In innate immune response, microbes enter through break in skin are are phagocytosed by _____ . | show 🗑
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| show | lymph node
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| In the adaptive immune response, the activated dendritic cell activates _____ to respond to microbial antigens on dendritic cell surface. | show 🗑
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| show | blood
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| The T-cell receptor binds to ____ on ____ protein, and becomes activated. | show 🗑
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| show | multiply, differentiate
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| show | CD8+ T cells
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| Which cells are helper T- cells? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. secrete cytokines to activate cytotoxic T cells 2. activate the adaptive immune response and activate B cells
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| MHC class II will activate ? | show 🗑
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| show | all other kinds of cells (including CD8+ T cell, cytotoxic T cells)
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| MHC class I will not activate? | show 🗑
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| In the ____ cytotoxic T cells are activated by _____. | show 🗑
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| T helper (TH) cell activation is by _____. | show 🗑
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| When a macrophage interacts with cytotoxic T cell, ____ causes the activation of the T cell. | show 🗑
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| show | CD4
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| _______ cells also present antigens from phagocytosed material via ______ proteins | show 🗑
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| Macrophages dendritic cells bring in antigens through? | show 🗑
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| B cells bring in antigens through? | show 🗑
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| Antigens get broken down to _____ and ____ in the lysosome. | show 🗑
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| Antigens get broken down by ____ and by _____ in the lysosome. | show 🗑
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| Before endosome the MHC are going through _____ pathway. | show 🗑
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| MHC Class II proteins form in the ___. | show 🗑
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| MHC Class II proteins transport to the endosome via _____. | show 🗑
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| show | endosome
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| When MHC is loaded with ____ it goes to the ___. | show 🗑
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| show | MHC Class II
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| show | MHC class I, MHC class II
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| T cell interacts with ____ cell through _____ and _____ interaction. | show 🗑
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| show | activated T helper cell
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| An activated B cell secretes ____. | show 🗑
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| T Cell Receptors on TH cells interact with _____ presented by MHC Class II. | show 🗑
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| A B cell can be bound to antigen but needs to interact with ____ to produce antibodies. | show 🗑
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| show | MHC, TCR
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| show | BCR
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| Foreign material that can elicit an immune response (e.g., a protein). | show 🗑
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| show | epitope
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| show | Y, heavy chains, light chains
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| Heavy chain + heavy chain and heavy chain + light chain are held together by ? | show 🗑
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| show | top domain (FAD)
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| The bottom portion of an antibody is ___. | show 🗑
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| show | both heavy and light chains
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| show | False, it can bind to 2 or 1
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| show | papain, pepsin
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| show | IgM
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| show | IgA
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| show | IgE and IgG
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| When antibodies bind to surface proteins they initiate ____. | show 🗑
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| The cascade in complement funnels through ___ and we get ____ of the cell. | show 🗑
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| What is the advantage to 10 different binding sites on antibody? | show 🗑
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| show | J chain
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| show | carbohydrates
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| show | variable
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| Variable regions are at the end of ____ and ____. | show 🗑
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| show | one
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| show | surface loops (CDR/HV)
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| Surface loops are referred to as ____. | show 🗑
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| If you take a b cell and sequence, the regions where the variability is significant (residue # graph) correspond to ? | show 🗑
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| Somatic recombination occurs in the light and heavy chain genes in each cell during ____. | show 🗑
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| What maximizes the diversity of antibodies with a small amount of DNA? | show 🗑
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| Large scale changes in antibodies occur when there are changes in the ____. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. recombination 2. somatic hypermutation 3.affinity maturation
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| Gene layout consists of V, J, and C domains. | show 🗑
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| Gene layout consists of V, D, J, C domains. | show 🗑
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| In the rearranged DNA of the light chain, only 1 ___ combines with 1 ____. | show 🗑
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| show | 40, 4, proteins
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| In the rearranged DNA of the heavy chain, 1 of each ___, ___, and ____ domains combine. | show 🗑
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| Once DNA is rearranged in heavy and light chains, there is further pairing recombination by? | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | B cells
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| show | somatic hypermutation
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| show | somatic hypermutation
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| show | point mutation
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| Somatic hypermutation results in? | show 🗑
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| During somatic hypermutation there is subtle changes in the _____ regions. | show 🗑
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| show | secreting cells (plasma cells), memory cells
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| The clonal population of b cells with subtle changes get ____ to presented antigen | show 🗑
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| show | apoptosis
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| If a retested b cell causes tighter binding it is _____ to start dividing even more. | show 🗑
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| show | plasma membrane cells
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| show | surrounded by a lot of ER
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| Why are memory b cells important? | show 🗑
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| Plasma cells are also known as ____. | show 🗑
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| Somatic recombination leads to a ____ of b cells. | show 🗑
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| show | b cells activated and undergo clonal expansion, once population reaches a certain size it is retested to antigen, only those that bind tightly are retained
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| Macrophages are presenting multiple ___ which can activate different ____. | show 🗑
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| One large antigen can be targeted by different ____. | show 🗑
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| Immune system targets multiple ____ and multiple _____ on those _____. | show 🗑
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| show | opsinization
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| Once the antibody coats the ____, then the ____ region of the antibody will attach to the ____ receptor of the ______ or _____. | show 🗑
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| show | phagocytose
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| An active ____ stimulates phagocytosis. | show 🗑
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| After a bacterium is phagocytosed there is an ____ destruction of the bacterium and a release of ____. | show 🗑
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| After the release of contents there is presentation of bacterial antigens to ___ cells via ______ cross presentation and ____ MHC. | show 🗑
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| show | CD1
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| Phagocytosis is done through _____. | show 🗑
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| Members of the ___ system stimulate members of the _____ system. | show 🗑
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| show | primary response
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| show | 1, IgM, 2, IgG
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| Memory cells are responsible for this more efficient response, the immune system has already encountered a specific antigen. | show 🗑
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| show | trypanosoma brucei, tsetsefly
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| show | surface, antibodies, foreign
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| show | surface
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| Eventually sleeping sickness will invade the ___ and ___ and cross the ___ ___ barrier and start to affect _____ rhythms. | show 🗑
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Created by:
theroge14