Immunology (final) Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
What are the 2 types of immunity?	innate and adaptive/acquired immunity
Mechanical/chemical is also part of ___ immunity.	innate
What is an example of mechanical defense (innate) ?	skin
What is an example of chemical defense (innate) ?	lungs secrete mucus, low pH proteases and enzymes when we digest food, lysosomes in tears that degrade cell walls
List 3 phagocytic cells in innate immunity?	macrophage, dendrite cell, neutrophil
List phagocytic cell in adaptive immunity?	natural killer cell
A group of proteins that act in a cascade that causes pores to form on outer surface of bacteria/fungi.	complement cascade
A much more selective immunity; after pathogen is phagocytosed and broken down the pieces are presented to B cells and T cells (specific for a certain type of infection)	adaptive immunity
What 2 types of cells are found in adaptive immunity?	b and t cells
What 2 things are found in complement cascade?	IL-1 and IL-6
Takes minutes to hours to reach?	innate immunity
Takes days to reach?	adaptive immunity
Where does filtering of lymph and maturation of white blood cells occur?	lymph nodes
What discharges lymph into blood?	thoracic duct
Where does t-cell maturation occur?	thymus
What conveys lymph?	lymph vessels
Where does lymphocyte maturation and filtering of lymph occur?	spleen
Where does B-cell development, and T cell precursors occur?	bone marrow
At what end of capillary does predominant movement of fluid from interstitial spaces into bloodstream occur?	venous end
At what end of capillary does predominant movement of fluid from bloodstream into interstitial spaces occur?	arterial end
Excess interstitial fluid and escaped protein drain into _____.	interstitial spaces
Within the interstitial fluid there is a sampling of what is in the surrounding _____.	environment
_____ takes a small sample of interstitial fluid and scans it.	lymphatic system
Most of the interstitial fluid gets reabsorbed into the capillaries, but a small amount will diffuse into ___ which dump the fluid into a ___.	lymph vessels, lymph node
If ____ are swollen then the immune system can be starting to launch a response.	lymph nodes
___ cells and ___ cells are activated through the lymph nodes.	b, t
B cells and T cells quickly disperse through the ____.	circulatory system
List 3 phagocytes and antigen presenting cells in innate immune system	macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
List 2 instances in which complement is used in innate immune system	to target fungi and microbes
List 5 steps in the activation of B cells and production of antibodies.	(1)mature t and b cells to nodes by circ (2)(antigen)laden dendrite cell (3)b cells bind antigen and move to follicle (4) activation of t cell by dendritic cell (5) activated t cells interact w/b cells = b cell differentiation and antibody production
Natural killer cells (NKs) target and destroy?	virally infected cells
On surface of cells that allow it to recognize foreign particles.	toll like receptors (TLR)
Proteins that are part of complement pathway.	serum proteins
Serum is high in ____ and ____.	proteins and growth factors
Microbes are bound by ___	antibodies
Antibodies that are bound to microbes will initiate a _____.	complement cascade
What are the 3 types of complement pathways?	classical pathway, mannose-binding lactin (MBL) pathway, and alternative pathway
All 3 pathways convert on the ___ protein.	C3
C3 stimulates the formation of ?	membrane attack complex
The membrane attack complex forms____ on cells and leads to____.	pores, osmotic lysis
A lot of fungi have _____ present on their walls.	mannose sugars
In blood we have ____ that will bind to mannose sugars.	lectin
Once lectin binds to mannose it will induce ____ and cascade and ______.	complement, osmotic lysis
What inhibits activation of NK cells?	normal cells
Natural killer cells will perform killing through perforin/granzymes to what 2 types of cells?	stressed/cancerous cell and virus infected cell
Natural killer cells help other cells by activating what on IFN-gamma?	anti-viral defense
NKs seek and destroy virus-infected cells by looking for ?	type I interferon secretion
When a cell is infected it secretes what?	type I interferon
___ and ___ released by NKs can cause ____ in cells.	perforin, granzymes, apoptosis
T cells are able to recognize just the cells that are _____.	infected with a virus
In order to get antibody response and T-cell mediated response what must happen first?	the virus interacting with the innate immune system
Only those T cells that recognize the ______ on phagocytic cells get activated.	presented proteins
Foreign material that can elicit an immune response (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids)	antigen
Small region of an antigen that is recognized by an antibody molecule	epitope
Ability to recognize self and non self comes down to ____.	genetics
If to people are more genetically similiar, then they are more_____.	self like
Immune system does not recognize ______ but recognizes bigger regions called _____.	individual proteins, epitopes
Epitopes are usually ____ in length.	10 AA
Cells constantly present self _____.	antigens
What does MHC stand for?	major histocompatibility complex
MHC Class I is a ____ transmembrane _____.	single pass, glycoprotein
The presence of __ - __ foreign _______ on the surface can result in targeted cell death (perforins/granzymes).	1-2, MHC-peptide complexes
MHC proteins go through ____ pathway, and are first translated in the ____.	secretory, rough er
When proteins have high error rates in translation it is targeted for ___ and ____ (MHC I).	Ub addition, proteolysis
Proteins with errors are sent to _____ to be degraded and get broken down to _____ (MHC I).	proteosome, peptides
Once peptides are broken down in the proteosome they move into the ____ through a specific transporter (MHC I)	rough er
Once peptides are in the ER they are bound by the ______ proteins (MHC I)	MHC 1
After peptides are bound to MHC class 1 proteins they can go through normal ____ pathway and reach the ____ where the cell is now presenting the small peptide (MHC I)	secretory, plasma membrane,
Viruses can make own proteins. T or F?	False
Viral proteins are also susceptible to ___.	errors
Viral proteins get degraded to viral ____ and move to ER, then they can also be presented to ___.	peptides, plasma membrane
There are hundreds of thousands of _____ alleles.	MHC
Different ____ proteins will bind different peptides that get moved to the cell surface.	MHC I
It is the ____ that binds to the MHC I and gets presented to the plasma membrane.	peptide epitope
MHC I proteins are a ____ protein	heterodimer
____ bind antigens presented on MHC class I.	t cell receptors
When foreign antigens are detected _____ cells kill infected cells.	cytotoxic T cells
If there is an activated T cell then it will look for ____ to stimulate the T cell and induce apoptosis in the cell.	molecular complementary
Consist of an alpha and beta chain held together with disulfide bonds.	T cell receptors
The ______ regions of the T cell receptor bind to the antigen.	n terminal
Each T cell will only express molecular complementary to ____.	1 antigen
Once cytotoxic T cells bind to the target cell they form an interaction and a ____ is activated.	pathway
Vesicles loaded with ____ and ___ will dock and release proteins that will diffuse across and form ___ that lead to ____.	perforsins, granzymes, pores, apoptosis
In early development some ___ that recognize ___ undergo apoptosis; only those that identify ___ survive.	T cells, self, non-self
If T cells that recognize self do not undergo apoptosis, then there can be a degradation of ____.	normal cells
Granzyes and perforins go to the ____ which results in ____ and death.	endosome, caspase activation
Some autoimmune diseases result from defects in _____ development.	T cell
In innate immune response, microbes enter through break in skin are are phagocytosed by _____ .	dendrite cell
In the innate immune response, the activated dendritic cell carries microbial antigens to local _____.	lymph node
In the adaptive immune response, the activated dendritic cell activates _____ to respond to microbial antigens on dendritic cell surface.	t cells
The activated T cell migrates to the site of infection via the ____.	blood
The T-cell receptor binds to ____ on ____ protein, and becomes activated.	peptide, MHC
Activated T cells will ____, _____, and enter the blood.	multiply, differentiate
Which cytotoxic T cells are activated (MHC I) to seek out and kill infected cells.	CD8+ T cells
Which cells are helper T- cells?	CD4+ T cells
What 2 important things do CD4 + T cells (helper T cells) do?	1. secrete cytokines to activate cytotoxic T cells 2. activate the adaptive immune response and activate B cells
MHC class II will activate ?	CD4+ T cell (helper T cells)
MHC class I will activate ?	all other kinds of cells (including CD8+ T cell, cytotoxic T cells)
MHC class I will not activate?	CD4+ T cell (helper T cells)
In the ____ cytotoxic T cells are activated by _____.	lymph node, MHC class I
T helper (TH) cell activation is by _____.	MHC class II
When a macrophage interacts with cytotoxic T cell, ____ causes the activation of the T cell.	CD8
When a macrophage interact with helper T cell, ____ causes the activation of the helper T cell.	CD4
_______ cells also present antigens from phagocytosed material via ______ proteins	professional phagocytic, MHC Class II
Macrophages dendritic cells bring in antigens through?	phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis
B cells bring in antigens through?	BCR -mediated endocytosis
Antigens get broken down to _____ and ____ in the lysosome.	peptides and peptide epitope
Antigens get broken down by ____ and by _____ in the lysosome.	pH dependent unfolding (reduction of S-S bonds), proteolysis by lysosomal peptidases
Before endosome the MHC are going through _____ pathway.	normal
MHC Class II proteins form in the ___.	ER
MHC Class II proteins transport to the endosome via _____.	golgi complex
Where do MHC class 2 undergo final processing to be able to bind antigens?	endosome
When MHC is loaded with ____ it goes to the ___.	antigens, plasma membrane
Made of 2, non-identical single pass transmembrane glycoproteins.	MHC Class II
Antigen presenting cells use ____ and ____ to activate t cells (cytotoxic and t helper)	MHC class I, MHC class II
T cell interacts with ____ cell through _____ and _____ interaction.	B , TCR (t cell receptor)-MHC, CD40L-CD40
The B cell is activated after it interacts with an ____.	activated T helper cell
An activated B cell secretes ____.	IgM
T Cell Receptors on TH cells interact with _____ presented by MHC Class II.	antigens
A B cell can be bound to antigen but needs to interact with ____ to produce antibodies.	helper t cell
T cell epitope binds to ___ and is recognized by ____.	MHC, TCR
B cell epitope binds to ____.	BCR
Foreign material that can elicit an immune response (e.g., a protein).	antigen
Small region of an antigen that is recognized by an antibody molecule	epitope
An antibody is a ___ shaped structure with 2 identical ____ and 2 identical ____.	Y, heavy chains, light chains
Heavy chain + heavy chain and heavy chain + light chain are held together by ?	disulfide bonds
The region that binds an antigen, and can be variable.	top domain (FAD)
The bottom portion of an antibody is ___.	constant (changes little between antibody types)
An antigen binds to what chains on an antibody?	both heavy and light chains
An antibody can only bind to 1 antigen. T or F?	False, it can bind to 2 or 1
Antibodies also have major roles in ____ digestion and ____ digestion.	papain, pepsin
Antibody that is a pentamer and has 10 different binding sites available.	IgM
Antibody that is a dimer and has 4 binding sites available.	IgA
Antibody that is a monomer and has 2 binding sites available.	IgE and IgG
When antibodies bind to surface proteins they initiate ____.	complement
The cascade in complement funnels through ___ and we get ____ of the cell.	c3, lysis
What is the advantage to 10 different binding sites on antibody?	Has more opportunites to interact with proteins; as long as a couple remain in contact the molecule will stay on surface (avidity) low chance of the Ig falling off. Helps to initiate the cascade a lot quicker.
Pentameric IgM and dimeric IgA are both stabilized by what additional polypeptide?	J chain
___ help in stabilizing all types of antibodies.	carbohydrates
T Cell receptors and antibodies have ____ regions for diverse antigen recognition.	variable
Variable regions are at the end of ____ and ____.	heavy chains, light chains
B cells express __ type of receptor (s).	one
In Ig the ____ form contact with the antigens.	surface loops (CDR/HV)
Surface loops are referred to as ____.	hypervariable region (HV)
If you take a b cell and sequence, the regions where the variability is significant (residue # graph) correspond to ?	HV regions
Somatic recombination occurs in the light and heavy chain genes in each cell during ____.	B cell differentiation
What maximizes the diversity of antibodies with a small amount of DNA?	somatic recombination
Large scale changes in antibodies occur when there are changes in the ____.	hypervariable regions
What are the 3 steps in antibody diversity in B cells?	1. recombination 2. somatic hypermutation 3.affinity maturation
Gene layout consists of V, J, and C domains.	light chain
Gene layout consists of V, D, J, C domains.	heavy chain
In the rearranged DNA of the light chain, only 1 ___ combines with 1 ____.	V domain, J domain
For the light chain there is about ___ V domain s and __ J domains which allows the formation of very different ___.	40, 4, proteins
In the rearranged DNA of the heavy chain, 1 of each ___, ___, and ____ domains combine.	V, D, J
Once DNA is rearranged in heavy and light chains, there is further pairing recombination by?	pairing of different heavy and light chains
There are multiple domains of V, D, and J, in the heavy chain. T or F?	True
Cells that secrete antibodies	B cells
Once a particular B cell is activated to proliferate, ______ _______ occurs.	somatic hypermutation
Programmed process of mutation affecting the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes. Unlike germline mutation, SHM affects only individual immune cells, and the mutations are not transmitted to offspring.	somatic hypermutation
During hypermuation, cells get more than 1 ____ each time the cell divides.	point mutation
Somatic hypermutation results in?	additional variation
During somatic hypermutation there is subtle changes in the _____ regions.	hypervariable
Affinity matured B cells can differentiate to become _____ or ______.	secreting cells (plasma cells), memory cells
The clonal population of b cells with subtle changes get ____ to presented antigen	retested
If a retested b cell causes weaker binding it undergoes ___.	apoptosis
If a retested b cell causes tighter binding it is _____ to start dividing even more.	preserved
Cells that function to make antibodies and secrete them.	plasma membrane cells
How can b cells secrete 2 to 3 thousand antibodies per second?	surrounded by a lot of ER
Why are memory b cells important?	if immune system is challenged at a later date by the same pathogen, you already have high affinity antibodies generated.
Plasma cells are also known as ____.	secreting cells
Somatic recombination leads to a ____ of b cells.	diverse pool
When immune system is challenged how do b cells respond?	b cells activated and undergo clonal expansion, once population reaches a certain size it is retested to antigen, only those that bind tightly are retained
Macrophages are presenting multiple ___ which can activate different ____.	epitopes, b cells
One large antigen can be targeted by different ____.	antibodies
Immune system targets multiple ____ and multiple _____ on those _____.	surface proteins, sites, proteins
When antibodies bind to the surface of a pathogen and form a coat around it.	opsinization
Once the antibody coats the ____, then the ____ region of the antibody will attach to the ____ receptor of the ______ or _____.	bacterium, Fc, Fc, macrophage, neutrophil
After the macrophage or neutrophil attaches to the Fc region of the antibody it will _____ the bacterium.	phagocytose
An active ____ stimulates phagocytosis.	Fc receptor
After a bacterium is phagocytosed there is an ____ destruction of the bacterium and a release of ____.	intracellular, contents
After the release of contents there is presentation of bacterial antigens to ___ cells via ______ cross presentation and ____ MHC.	T cells, class I, class II
Lipid presentation is done via ____.	CD1
Phagocytosis is done through _____.	TLR
Members of the ___ system stimulate members of the _____ system.	innate, adaptive
The response when our immune system first encounters a virus.	primary response
In primary response it takes about ___ week to have maximal levels of ___ and about ___ weeks to have maximal levels of ___.	1, IgM, 2, IgG
Memory cells are responsible for this more efficient response, the immune system has already encountered a specific antigen.	secondary response
Sleeping sickness is caused by ____ ____ which is carried by the _____ fly.	trypanosoma brucei, tsetsefly
After trypanosoma brucei (sleeping sickness) invades the host some of the daughter cells will switch the ____ proteins so that _____ cannot recognize them, however it will recognize it as ___ particles and initiate another response.	surface, antibodies, foreign
Our immune system cannot keep up with switching of _____ proteins done by trypanosoma brucei.	surface
Eventually sleeping sickness will invade the ___ and ___ and cross the ___ ___ barrier and start to affect _____ rhythms.	heart, kidneys, blood brain, circadium

Created by: theroge14