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Microbio Exam 3
Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the name of the microbe that lives at the expense of another organism? | Parasite |
| What are the 4 types of Eukaryotic pathogenic parasites? | 1. Fungi 2. Protists 3. Helminths 4. Arthropods |
| What are the three main ways to categorize a parasite? | 1. Where it lives 2. When/Where it enters its host 3. How long it remains in its host |
| What is the name for a parasite which lives on the surface of a host? | Ectoparasite |
| What is the name of a parasite which lives within the body of a host? | Endoparasite |
| Which type of parasite requires some part of its lifecycle occurs in a host? | Obligate parasite |
| Which type of parasite is normally free-living, but can obtain nutrients from a host? | Facultative Parasite |
| Which type of parasite only causes disease when the host is already immunocompromised? | Opportunistic Parasite |
| What type of parasite once invaded, remains in a host for its entire lifespan? | Permanent Parasite |
| What type of parasite feeds on a host and then leaves? | Temporary Parasite |
| What type of parasite invades organisms that are not their normal host? | Accidental Parasite |
| What is the name for an organism that transmits parasites to new hosts? | Vector |
| Which type of vector is part of the parasites life cycle and occurs within the vector? | Biological vector |
| Which type of vector merely transports the parasite to its host? | Mechanical vector |
| What type of host carries parasites when they reproduce sexually? | Definitive Host |
| What type of host carries parasites through other developmental stages but NOT sexual reproduction? | Intermediate Host |
| What type of host represents where the parasite would normally reside? | Reservoir Host |
| What are the four mechanisms used by parasites to evade host defenses? | 1) Encystment 2) Changing parasite's surface antigens 3) Confusing the host's immune system 4) Hide |
| Describe the mechanism of Encystment. | The parasite forms a resistant outer covering (cyst) to protect against its environment, similar to how a bacteria forms an endospore. |
| Describe the evasive mechanism by which a parasite changes its surface antigens. | A parasite changes its identifying molecules into something the host's immune system will not recognize. The host is unable to adapt as quickly as the parasite can rearrange identifying molecules. |
| Describe the evasive mechanism by which a parasite confuses its host's immune system. | A parasite causes the host to make antibodies that do not recognize the parasite antigen. |
| Describe the evasive mechanism in which a parasite hides. | The parasite invades the hosts cells, where it is out of reach of the immune system. |
| What are the ways a parasite causes damage in a host? (6) | 1. Competing for nutrients 2. Making it challenging for the host to absorb nutrients 3. Causing trauma to host tissues or organs 4. Triggering serious inflammation in the host 5. Stimulating serious immune reactions in the host 6. Releasing toxins |
| What are some of the ways parasites cause trauma to its host's tissues or organs? | By penetrating host cells and secreting toxins |
| What is an example of a serious immune reaction caused by a parasite? | Sepsis |
| True or False, Parasites can only release toxins in a live state. | False, parasites can release toxins in a live or dead state. |
| What is the name for extremely pathogenic eukaryotic parasites that were originally thought to be animals? | Protists |
| What are the two types of Protists? | 1) Cysts 2) Trophozoites |
| What is the difference between protist cysts and trophozoites? | Cysts are non-motile and trophozoites are very motile |
| What are the three types of locomotory structures present in trophozoites? | 1. Cilia 2. Pseudopodia 3. Flagella |
| Which type of trophozoite locomotory structures are hair like protrusions that all move at once? | Cilia |
| Which type of trophozoite locomotory structure involves the cell pushing part of its membrane in one direction like a false limb? | Pseudopodia |
| Which specific group of trophozite protists use pseudopodia as a form of movement? | Amoebozoa |
| Which type of trophozoite locomotory structure is one or a few whip-like tails? | Flagella |
| An infected mosquito injects the sporozoite stage of a plasmodium into a human host, where it grows and reproduces ASEXUALLY becoming Merozoites. What type of host does this make the human? | Intermediate host |
| A female mosquito bites a human infected with malaria. Once infected, the protozoa are transformed into gametes in the mosquito and mate to form zygotes. The mosquito is the ________ host. | Definitive |
| Malaria protozoa enter the human liver where it divides and grows (asexual reproduction). The human host is the _______ host. | Intermediate |
| A human touches cat poo then eats without washing their hands, and is infected by Toxoplamosis Gondii. Normal hosts are rodents, birds, mammals and cats. Humans are a _________ Host. | Accidental |
| The killing or removal of ALL microorganism in a material or object is known as _____________ | Sterilization |
| The reduction of the number of pathogenic microorganisms to the point where the pose no danger of disease is known as ______________ | Disinfection |
| A chemical agent that can safely be used externally on living tissue to destroy microorganisms or inhibit their growth is known as a(n) ____________ | Antiseptic |
| A chemical agent used on inanimate objects to destroy microorganisms but does NOT kill spores is a __________________ | Disinfectant |
| A chemical agent typically used on food-handling equipment and eating utensils to reduce bacterial numbers to meet public health standards is known as a _______________ | Sanitizer |
| What are three examples of chemical antimicrobial agents that work by destroying cell membranes? | 1. Soaps 2. Surfactants 3. Alcohols (dissolve membranes AND denature proteins) 4. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds 5. Phenols (destroy cell membranes AND denature proteins) |
| What are three examples of chemical antimicrobial agents that work by denaturing protein. | Everything denatures proteins. Just kidding. 1. Heavy Metals (silver, copper, mercury) 2. Acids 3. Alcohol 4. Hydrogen Peroxide (oxidizing agents) 5. Halogens |
| Describe how heat works as a physical antimicrobial agent. (Dry Heat and Moist Heat) | Heat rapidly penetrates thick materials not easily penetrated by chemical agents. Dry heat destroys microorganisms by oxidizing molecules, moist heat mainly denatures proteins by disrupting hydrogen bonds. |
| Describe how temperature and time of exposure are related when sterilizing by heat. | The higher the temperature, the less time required to sterilize an object. For example, using dry heat, at 171 degrees Celsius is takes 1 hour to sterilize an object, at 121 degrees Celsius it would take 16 hours. |
| Explain how water heated under pressure speeds up sterilization. | By using something like an autoclave which increases atmospheric pressure, water temperature can go above its boiling point to 121 degrees Celsius, which effectively kills even spores as quickly as 15 - 20 minutes. |
| What are the 5 major mechanisms by which antimicrobials kill bacteria? | 1. Destroying/preventing formation of cell walls 2. Inhibiting Protein Synthesis 3. Preventing RNA/DNA synthesis 4. Disruption of Cell Membrane function 5. Action as antimetabolites |
| Some microbes are more susceptible to antimicrobial agents than others. Explain and give an example. | Some antibiotics (penicillin) work by inhibiting synthesis of peptidoglycan used in bacterial cell walls. While this is extremely effective in Gram(+)bacteria (pep outer layer), it is less effective in Gram (-) cells where the outer layer is a fatty lipid |
| What is the difference between antimicrobials, antibiotics and synthetic drugs? | Antibiotics and synthetic drugs are both antimicrobials; antibiotics occur naturally as they are produced by organisms, synthetics are physically created and manufactured from scratch in a lab. |
| What is an antimicrobial agent? | A chemotherapeutic agent used to treat diseases cause by microbes. Includes both antibiotics and synthetic drugs |
| What is an antibiotic? | A chemical substance naturally produced by an organism that inhibits growth or destroys other microorganisms |
| What is a synthetic drug? | An antimicrobial agent synthesized chemically in a laboratory |
| Who first promoted handwashing by doctors and was unsuccessful? | Ignaz Semmelweis |
| Who was successful in promoting and implementing a hand washing plan, including separating clean and dirty linen? | Florence Nightingale |
| Who was the first to use carbolic acid for sterilization during surgery? | Joseph Lister |
| What type of microorganism is MOST resistant to chemical agents? | Bacterial endospores |
| What type of microorganism is LEAST resistant to chemical agents? | Enveloped Viruses |
| Who noticed that dyes bound to microbes but not animal cells, beginning the search for chemotherapeutic agents? | Paul Ehrlich |
| Who first discovered Penicillin? | Alexander Fleming |
| What was the first commercially available antibiotic? | Sulfonamides |
| Who discovered Sulfonamides were useful for streptococcal infections? | Gerhard Domagk |
| Penicillin is a very effective antibiotic against Gram (+) bacteria. Explain its method of action and why this is true. | Penicillin works by preventing peptidoglycan, a major component (and the outermost protein) of Gram (+) cell walls, from linking to form a cell wall. Its mechanism is preventing formation of cell walls, without which the pathogenic microbe bursts. |
| Tetracycline takes advantage of the fact that there are differences in animal ribosomes and bacterial ribosomes, making it an effective antimicrobial agent. 1) What is it's mechanism of action? 2) Is it broad or narrow spectrum? | 1) Inhibiting protein synthesis by acting on the 30S portion of bacterial ribosomes (different from animal ribosomes), causing incorrect translation of mRNA 2) Broad |
| Tetracycline binds to pathogenic RNA or DNA polymerase. 1) What is its method of action? 2) Is it broad spectrum or narrow spectrum? | 1) It prevents RNA/DNA synthesis by binding to RNA/DNA polymerase of the pathogenic microbe and inhibit RNA/DNA synthesis. 2) Broad |
| The antibiotics polymyxins bind to phospholipids in bacterial membranes, distorting it. 1) Which type of bacteria is this particularly effective against and why? 2) What method of action is this? 3) Is it broad or narrow spectrum? Why? | 1) Gram (-) because they have an outer phospholipid bilayer 2) Disruption of Cell Membrane Function 3) Narrow range, because it's really only effective against the taxonomic group of Gram (-) bacteria |
| What are the 5 taxonomic groups used in measuring the spectrum of antibiotic activity? | 1) Mycobacteria 2) Gram (+) bacteria 3) Gram (-) bacteria 4) Chalmydias 5) Rickettsias |
| What are the 5 mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance? | 1) Alteration of Targets 2) Alteration of Membrane Permeability 3) Development of Enzymes 4) Alteration of an Enzyme 5) Alteration of a metabolic pathway |
| A microbe hides inside a human blood cell to evade an antibiotic until the antibiotic is out of the host's system. This is an example of which acquisition of resistance? | Non-genetic acquisition of resistance |
| What are the 3 ways a microbe can acquire a mechanism of antimicrobial resistance? | 1) Non-genetic acquisition of resistance 2) Conversion to an L form (lacking a cell wall) 3) Genetic Acquisition of Resistance |
| Sulfonilamides competitively inhibit an enzyme that acts on PABA, which is necessary for many bacteria to make folic acid. 1) What method of action is this? 2) Is it broad spectrum or narrow spectrum and why? | 1) Action as an antimetabolite 2) low-end of broad spectrum because it acts on 2 taxonomic groups (Gram - and Gram +) |
| A bacteria's DNA is altered so that the protein produced (or "target") is modified. As a result, antimicrobial agents can no longer bind to the target site. What mechanism of resistance is this an example of? | Alteration of Targets |
| New genetic information is incorporated into a bacteria, changing the nature of proteins in its membrane. Antimicrobial agents can no longer cross this membrane. This is an example of what mechanism of antibiotic resistance? | Alteration of Membrane Permeability |
| A bacteria develops the enzyme beta-lactamase which is able to break the beta-lactam ring in penicillin, rendering it inactive. This is an example of what mechanism of antibiotic resistance? | Development of Enzymes |
| A bacteria mutates into an isomer which lacks a cell wall. Which type of resistance acquisition is this an example of? | Conversion to L form |
| A bacteria picks up resistance plasmids that allow it to encode resistance for multiple drugs. Which type of resistance acquisition is this an example of generally and specifically? | Genetic acquisition of resistance, specifically extrachromosomal resistance. |
| A natural mutation in a cells genome provides some chromosomal resistance to an antibiotic. This is an example of which type of resistance acquisition, generally and specifically? | Genetic acquisition of resistance, specifically chromosomal resistance |
| A bacteria develops the ability to obtain nutrients from the environment, and as a result is unaffected by a drug targeting it's metabolic pathway. Which mechanism of resistance is this an example of? | Alteration of a metabolic pathway |
| A bacteria acquires the ability to use ready made folic acid from its environment, no longer requiring PABA to synthesize it. Which mechanism of resistance is this an example of? | Alteration of a metabolic pathway |
| A bacteria develops a ways to remove antibiotics from its cells through its cell membrane. What mechanism of resistance is this, generally and specifically? | Alteration of membrane permeability, specifically "pumps" |
| Resistance to one antibiotic may also give resistance to others if they function using a common mechanism. This is know as _________. | Cross-resistance |
| Why is methicillin an effective Second Line drug for Gram (+) Penicillin resistant bacteria? | Penicillin-resistant drugs inactive penicillin by breaking its β-lactam ring. Methicillin is resistant to having its β-lactam ring broken, as as such is effective as a second line drug. |
| Which type of antibiotic therapy works against β-lactamase producing bacteria? | Double antibiotic therapy |
| A bacteria that produces the enzyme β-lactamase will break β-lactam rings in many different antibiotics. This is an example of ________. | Cross resistance |
| What are the three main strategies in treating infections caused by β-lactamase secreting bacteria. | 1.Methicillin will be used because it is resistant to damaging effects of the enzyme β-lactamase 2.Augmentin is prescribed which contains an antibiotic and Clavulanic Acid (inhibits β-lactamase), antibiotic remains effective 3.Double-antibiotic therapy |
| In double-antibiotic therapy used to treat infections from bacteria producing β-lactamase, the antibiotic that remains inactive unless the β-lactam ring is broken is called the __________. | Quinolone |
| What does MRSA stand for? | Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus |
| MRSA is resistant to all of which line of antibiotics? | β-lactam drugs |
| What is MRSA currently treated with? | Vancomycin |
| Why is MRSA a serious threat to the medical community? | There is a strain of MRSA that in addition to being resistant to all β-lactam drugs is ALSO resistant to vancomycin, it's only other treatment. Untreatable MRSA can have serious consequences, including death from septicemia, toxic shock, pneumonia, etc |
| How does stopping an antibiotic early select for antibiotic resistant bacteria? | There is variation of resistance in bacteria. Stopping an antibiotic too early will kill the susceptible bacteria, but leave the most resistant bacteria behind. Over time, the next infection will require more of the antibiotic or a different antibiotic. |
| Using more than 1 drug simultaneously to boost efficacy is known as _______. | Synergism |
| The living together of two different kinds of organisms is known as _______. | Symbiosis |
| A form of symbiosis in which two organisms of different species live in a relationship that benefits both of them is known as ________. | Mutualism |
| A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other experiences neither benefit nor harm is known as ______________. | Commensalism |
| A symbiotic relationship in which a parasite kills its host, resulting in its death as well is known as ____________. | Antagonism |
| A symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, benefits from the relationship, whereas the other organism, the host, is harmed by it, is known as _______________. | Parasitism |
| What are the four specific types of symbiosis? | 1. Mutualism 2. Commensalism 3. Parasitism 4. Antagonism |
| What are the limitations of Koch's postulates? (3) | 1. Not all microbes can be cultured in a lab (syphilis) 2. Viruses must be grown in living cells 3. A disease may be caused by more than one pathogen |
| What are Koch's 4 Postulates? | 1) Suspected Agent must be present in every case of disease 2) Agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture 3) Agent must cause disease when inoculated into healthy, susceptible host 4) Agent must then be re-isolated from diseased experimental host |
| What are the 5 ways/steps microbes cause disease in a host? | 1. Gain access to host 2. Adhere to or colonize cell surface 3. Invade tissues 4. Produce toxins or other metabolic products 5. Evade host defenses |
| Genes that help a pathogen cause infection are known as _________. | Virulence Factors |
| What are the 3 types of Virulence Factors? | 1. Adhesion Factors 2.Toxins 3. Enzymes |
| Which type of virulence factor allows bacteria to bind and colonize outside of the host cell? | Adhesion Factors |
| Which type of virulence factor allows bacteria to permeate deeper into tissues? | Enzymes |
| Which type of virulence factor involves bacteria releasing chemicals which damage host tissues or trigger the host immune response, causing damage? | Toxins |
| What are the two types of bacterial toxins? | 1. Endotoxins 2. Exotoxins |
| A dead, Gram (-) bacteria releases lipid A which induces fever, inflammation, diarrhea, shock, and blood clotting. This is an example of which type of toxin? | Endotoxins |
| A soluble toxin secreted by microbes into their surroundings, including host tissues, is known as an _________________. | Exotoxin |
| Also known as a lipopolysaccharide, a toxin incorporated into Gram (-) bacteria cell walls and released when the bacterium dies is known as an ______________. | Endotoxin |
| More powerful toxins produced by several Gram (+) and a few Gram (-) bacteria is known as _________. | Exotoxin |
| True or False, a bacterium must be dead to release an endotoxin. | True |
| An invasive bacteria reaches the epithelial surface, where it produces hyaluronidase and collagenase, allowing it to burrow deeper into tissues. Which virulence factor is involved? | Enzyme |
| Bacteria in the blood stream produces coagulase and form a clot w/the bacteria inside, where they can safely multiply out of reach of the immune system. The bacteria later produce kinase to dissolve the clot and re-release. Which virulence factor is this? | Enzyme |
| A capsule around a bacterium prevents phagocytosis. This is an example of which virulence factor? | Evasion |
| The observable changes in a cell due to virus infection is known as _______. | Cytopathic Effect (CPE) |
| If a virus kills host cells, according to the Cytopathic Effect it is ______. | Cytocidal |
| If a virus damaged but does not kill host cells, according to the Cytopathic effect, it is _______. | Non-cytocidal |
| What are the four ways a viral infection can be categorized? | 1. Productive 2. Abortive 3. Latent 4. Persistent |
| A viral infection that produces progeny and spreads to other cells is known as a _________ infection. | Productive |
| A viral infection that cannot make infectious progeny is know as a(n) ___________ infection. | Abortive |
| A viral infection that is inactive for years then reactivates is known as a ________ infection. | Latent |
| A viral infection that continues virus production for months to years is known as a __________ infection. | Persistent |
| How do fungi cause disease? | 1. Inhaled by host or enter through wound 2. Release enzymes that attack cell 3. Progressively digest and invade adjacent cells 4. (some) release mycotoxins |
| How do helminths cause disease? | 1. Destroy tissue as they migrate through the body 2. Release toxin waste products 3. Release antigens, causing an allergic reaction in the host |
| What are the two ways an Infectious Disease is categorized? | 1. Duration 2. Area of Infection |
| An infectious disease that develops and runs its course quickly, such as the common cold is known as a(n) ______ infection. | Acute |
| An infectious disease which follows an intermediate time course, such as gum disease, is known as a ___________ infection. | Subacute |
| An infectious disease which develops slowly, is usually less severe, and persists for a long time, such as tuberculosis, is known as a _________ infection. | Chronic |
| An infectious disease which demonstrates periods of inactivity, such as herpes, is known as a ________ infection. | Latent |
| An infection which is confined to a small region of the body, such as a boil, is know as a ___________ infection. | Local/localized |
| An infection which is confined, but pathogens/toxins can spread, such as a sinus infection, is known as a _________ infection. | Focal |
| An infection in which the pathogen is widely distributed and affects most of the body, such as typhoid fever, is known as a ____________ infection. | Systemic/generalized |
| What are the 4 classifications regarding duration of an infection? | 1. Acute 2. Subacute 3. Chronic 4. Latent |
| What are the 3 classifications regarding the area size of an infection? | 1. Local 2. Focal 3. Systemic/Generalized |
| Systemic infections are usually spread throughout the blood. as such, they usually have what suffix? | -emia |
| The initial infection of a previously healthy patient is known as a ________ infection. | Primary |
| Following a primary infection and occurring in a person weakened by that first infection is ____________ infection. | Secondary. |
| A Secondary infection resulting from destruction of normal microflora is known as a _________ infection. | Super |
| An infection that presents with several different species at the same time is known as a _________ infection. | Mixed |
| An infection that does not cause a full range of symptoms but can lead to a immune response and be contagious is known as a ____________ infection. | Inapparent/subclinical |
| A characteristic of disease that can be observed by examining a patient is known as a __________. | Sign |
| A characteristic of disease that is observed and felt only by the patient is known as a _____________. | Symptom |
| A patient is nauseous. Is this a sign, symptom or syndrome? | Symptom |
| A patient has a rash. Is this a sign, symptom or syndrome? | Sign |
| A combination of signs and symptoms that occur together and are indicative of a disease or abnormal condition is known as a ___________. | Syndrome |
| The after-effects of a disease that occur post recovery are known as ____________. | Sequelae |
| Clostridium botulinum spores are ubiquitous, but are only a threat under very specific environmental conditions. What are these conditions? | They are harmless in spore state EXCEPT in infants and immunocompromised. For them to leave their spore state the environment must be: 1. Very low oxygen or anaerobic environment 2. Low salt 3. between 40 and 120 degrees F 4. pH > 4.5 |
| Name the toxins produced by botulism and which cause illness. | 8 toxins, named A - H. A, B, E, F, and H cause illness A Baby Eats, Farts, and Hiccups |
| What is the three step process explaining Botulinum Toxin's Mechanism of Action? | 1. Botulinum toxin cleaves SNARE proteins 2. Vessicle containing neurotransmitters cannot find target nor fuse with the membrane at the Neuromuscular Junction 3. Acetylcholine cannot bind to the receptor on the muscle cell --> paralysis |
| Botulinum Toxin was approved to treat medical conditions caused by abnormal and excessive muscle contractions. One disease which causes an inability to open eyes due to abnormal muscle contractions is known as ________. | Blepharospasm |
| What is the cosmetic use of Botulinum Toxin | BoTox is injected into muscles near wrinkles, because the muscles cannot contract, wrinkles soften in the area. |
| How long do BoTox injections last? | 3 - 6 months |
| Why is Botulinum Toxin controversial. | Due to its resilient spore state, there is potential to use botulinum toxin as a biological weapon. As such the government has stockpiled antitoxins. HOWEVER recently BoTox H was discovered, to which there is currently no antitoxin. |
| Why are parents advised not to feed honey to infants under age 1? | Their immune system is not yet fully formed, and honey contains lots of Botulinum spores which can cause illness in infants. |
| In the disease Trypanosomiasis, also known as African Sleeping Sickness, the vector is the Tse Tse Fly, which then bites a human or cow where it reproduces sexually. Which is the intermediate host and which is the definitive host? | Human/Cow: Definitive Host Fly: Intermediate Host |
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