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LIFE 103- Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| active immunity | develops naturally in response to an infection |
| vaccination origination | vaca= cow pox |
| passive immunity | immunoglobulins (from placenta or can be injected) |
| sperm whale circulation | bradycardia (1 bpm); vasoconstriction to unimportant parts (gonads) |
| gastrovascular cavity circulation | diffusion only (jellies, planaria, etc.) |
| three basic components of circulation | fluid, tubes, pump |
| how do organisms w/ open circulation pick up oxygen? | diffusion through pores when the fluid is not in a tube |
| two chambered heart organisms | bony fishes, rays, sharks |
| single circulation | blood leaving the heart passes through 2 capillary beds before returning (2 chambered heart) |
| double circulation | oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor separate |
| three chambered heart organisms | reptiles (except birds), amphibians |
| plasma | 45% of blood by volume; ions, proteins |
| three cellular elements of blood | platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes |
| 5 types of leukocytes | monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes |
| clot formation | platelets; fibrinogen-> fibrin |
| disease in which blood doesn't clot | hemophilia; x-linked so males are predominantly affected |
| Lympoid stem cells give rise to | t cells and b cells |
| Myeloid stem cells give rise to | erythrocytes, monocytes, platelets, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils |
| Lung surfactants and premature babies | must be injected because they form late in development |
| Inhaled air passage order | larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
| Vocal chords are structured by the | hyoid bone |
| # of lobes in each lung | right 3; left 2 |
| Respiratory pigment in arthropods | hemocyanin (greenish blue tint) |
| ____ is the solute concentration of a solution and determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane | osmolarity |
| isosmotic | movement of water is equal in both directions across a membrane |
| Net flow of water | hypoosmotic to hyperosmotic |
| Osmoconformers | marine animals that become isosmotic w/ their environments and don’t regulate osmolarity |
| Osmoregulators | expend energy to control water uptake and loss in hyper or hypo osmotic environments |
| Stenohaline | cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity |
| Euryhaline | can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity |
| Saltwater fish regulation in urine | low water loss, high salt loss |
| Fresh water fish regulation in urine | excrete large amounts of dilute urine |
| What happens if you put a salt water fish in fresh water? | they explode |
| Anhydrobiosis | lose almost all body water and survive in a dormant state |
| Tardigrada | water bears; extremely tough creatures |
| Rotifers | dehydrate and survive in cysted state; incorporate other species’ DNA into theirs |
| Specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute movement | transport epithelia |
| 3 purposes of excretion | nitrogen, water, and ion homeostasis |
| excretion in aquatic animals | ammonia |
| excretion in mammals, most amphibians | urea |
| excretion in reptiles and birds | uric acid |
| 4 steps in excretion | filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion |
| flatworm excretion | protonephridium= network of dead end tubules connected to external openings; flame cell |
| earthworm excretion | metanephridia |
| insect excretion | malpighian tubules |
| urine exits kidney through | ureter |
| urine is expelled through | urethra |
| urine filtration | from glomerulus to Bowman's capsule |
| proximal tubule | reabsorption of ions, water, nutrients |
| descending limb of nephron | water reabsorption |
| ascending limb of nephron | ion reabsorption |
| collecting duct | reabsorption of NaCl, urea, H2O |
| vampire bat urination adaptation | blood goes to renal system rather than hepatic system after ingestion |
| exogenous chemicals that interfere with hormone signaling | endocrine disrupters |
| ___ signals act on themselves | autocrine |
| ___ signals act on nearby cells | paracrine |
| types of pheromones | trail, sex, territory, alarm, primer |
| three chemical types of hormones | polypeptides, amines, steroid |
| side effects of anabolic steroids | aggression, violence, mania, psychosis, liver damage, testicular atrophy |
| receptor for lipid soluble hormones | inside the cell |
| receptor for water soluble hormones | outside of cell |
| binding of a hormone to its receptor initiates a ______ pathway | signal transduction |
| vitamin D in furry/feathery animals | oily secretion, lick it |
| addison's disease | adrenal insufficiency |
| rBGH | increases insulin-like growth factor; not biologically active in humans |
| epinephrine effects throughout the body | dilates skeletal blood vessels and constricts intestinal blood vessel |
| thymus function | produce t-cells |
| islets of Langerhans | pancreas (alpha=glucagon; beta=insulin) |
| 5 problems caused by diabetes | peripheral neuropathy, slower wound healing, infections, nephropathy, retinopathy |
| insect hormones/effects (2) | ecydysone= molting when w/ juvenile hormone; development when w/out |
| posterior pituitary 2 hormones | oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone |
| tropic hormone | regulates the function of endocrine cells or glands |
| 4 tropic hormones | thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| 2 nontropic hormones released in the anterior pituitary | prolactin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
| growth hormone | secreted in the anterior pituitary; both tropic and non-tropic |
| epinephrine and norepinephrine are | catecholamines |
| 3 types of sex hormones | androgens, estrogens, and progestins |
| fission | asexual reproduction into 2 individuals of the same size |
| budding | new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones (hydras) |
| fragmenration | breaking of the body into pieces; some or all of which develop into adults |
| parthenogenesis | development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg |
| advantage of hermaphoditism | some can self-fertilize; can be both male and female to find a mate more easily |
| X0/XX system | X0 is male; XX is female |
| haplodiploidy | haploids are male, diploids are female |
| ZW system | ZW female, ZZ male |
| temperature dependent sex formation | reptiles |
| density dependent sex determination | if isolated= female, in group= male |
| protogynous hermaphrodite | start female |
| protoandrous hermaphrodite | start male |
| parthenogenesis in lizards | doubling of chromosomes after meiosis |
| komodo dragons produce only ___ during parthenogenesis | males |
| spermatheca | (queen bees) store sperm for 2-7 years |
| cloaca | common opening between external environment and the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems |
| follicles | oocyte + supporting cells |
| the __ secretes hormones that maintain pregnancy | corpus luteum |
| fallopian tube aka | oviduct |
| uterus lining | endometrium |
| sperm are formed in the ___ | seminiferous tubules |
| ___ cells produce hormones for seminiferous tubules | Leydig |
| the production of gametes by meiosis | gametogenesis |
| eggs release 2nd polar body when? | just after fertilization |
| differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis | oogenesis= 1 egg from each cycle; spermatogenesis= 4 sperm per cycle |
| FSH | promotes activity of sertoli cells |
| LH | regulates Leydig cells |
| two phases of ovarian cycle | follicular phase and luteal phase |
| two phases of uterine cycle | proliferative phase (thickening of endometrium); secretory phase |
| hormone that prevents menstruation | human chorionic gonadotropin |
| what forms the placenta? | trophoblast (outer layer of blastocyst) + endometrium |
| the first trimester is the main period of | organogenesis |
| species that are representative of a larger group and easily studied | model organisms (drosophila, mus musculus, c elegans) |
| cleavage | cell division creates a hollow ball of cells called a blastula |
| gastrulation | cells re-arranged into a 3 layered blastula |
| organogenesis | 3 germ layers interact and give rise to organs |
| acrosomal reaction | when sperm releases hydrolytic enzymes to fertilize the egg |
| cortical reaction | after fertilized, Ca2+ released, releases cortical granules and creates a fertilization envelope |
| egg activation | Ca2+ also increases cellular respiration and protein synthesis |
| 3 germ layers | ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm |
| 2 clades that are deuterostomes | vertebrates and echinoderms |
| adrenal medulla aries from | ectoderm |
| adrenal cortex arises from | mesoderm |
| chorion | (amniotic development) functions in gas exchange |
| amnion | encloses the amniotic fluid |
| yolk sac | encloses the yolk |
| allantois | (amniotic development) disposes of waste products and contributes to gas exchange |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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