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GEO Final
Geology 1090 Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| geocentric model of earth | all celestial bodies revolve around earth |
| heliocentric model of earth | sun is center; earth rotates on axis around sun |
| doppler effect | approaching object has higher pitch than when it is moving away; sound waves "chasing it"; light moving toward viewer is compressed (blue), moving away is expanded (red); universe is all red |
| formation of light elements by fusion | hydrogen formed, then bonded to create light elements |
| formation of heavy elements in supernovae | mass compacted & rotated; heated up; h2 fused to helium; becomes giant; heavy elements created |
| magnetic field | distorted by solar winds |
| inclination | curving magnetic field lines cause compass to tilt toward or away from Earth's surface |
| declination | difference between magnetic north and true north |
| atmosphere composition | 78% oxygen; 20% oxygen; 1% other gases |
| pressure changes in atmosphere | molecules denser at base; pressure decrease upward |
| crust: (c/p, composition, thickness) | chemical layer; oceanic: 70% silicon, ~35 km; continental: 50& oxygen, ~7 km; |
| mantle: (c/p, composition, thickness) | chemical layer; high iron and magnesium; ~2900 km |
| core: (c/p, composition, thickness) | chemical layer; high iron and nickel; ~6371 km |
| lithosphere: (c/p, state, thickness) | physical layer; solid; ~100 km |
| asthenosphere: (c/p, state, thickness) | physical layer; plastic; ~350 km |
| mesosphere: (c/p, state, thickness) | physical layer; solid; ~2900 km |
| outer core: (c/p, state) | physical layer; liquid |
| inner core: (c/p, state, thickness) | physical layer; solid; ~5150 km |
| order of chemical layers | crust -> mantle -> core |
| order of physical layers | lithosphere -> asthenosphere -> mesosphere -> outer core -> inner core |
| Wegener: fit of continents | continents all fit together |
| Wegener: glacial evidence | distribution of Permian glacial deposits and striations fit together in region that used to occupy polar South cap |
| Wegener: fossil evidence | fossil evidence occurs all across southern continents |
| Wegener: mountain belt evidence | distinctive belts of rock match up when Atlantic removed |
| Wegener: paleoclimate evidence | rocks preserve evidence of climate belts; belts align in sensible manner when Pangaea is together |
| mineral | naturally occurring, mostly inorganic crystalline solids formed by geologic processes and with a definite chemical composition |
| silica tetrahedral | building block of silicate minerals |
| bowen's reaction series | OPAB CR--SR (OMQ) |
| aphanitic | small crystals, cool fast |
| phaneritic | big crystals, cool slow |
| pyroclastic | bits and pieces |
| glass | cool so fast no crystals form |
| vesicular | gases migrate and leave bubble trains |
| felsic | high silica, lighter |
| mafic | magnesium/iron, darker |
| decompressional melting | a hot rock at high pressure moved to a shallower crustal level the decrease in pressure may cause rock to melt |
| clastic class | loose rock fragments cemented together |
| biochemical class | cemented shells and organisms |
| chemical class | minerals the crystallize directly from water |
| organic | carbon-rich remains of organisms |
| grain size | as transport distance increases, size decreases |
| sorting of sedimentary | better sorted, transport longer |
| grain shape | more spherical, transport longer |
| asymmetric ripples | flow in one direction |
| symmetrical ripples | back and forth swash; occur near shores |
| mudcracks | indicate alternate wet and dry conditions |
| burial metamorphism | deep burial in a basin |
| dynamic metamorphism | shearing in a fault zone |
| regional metamorphism | P and T change due to structural deformation |
| hydrothermal metamorphism | alteration by hot water |
| subduction metamorphism | P and T alteration |
| shock | extreme P from an impact |
| elastic rebound | stress build up and cause rock adjacent to fault to ben elastically until slip occurs |
| moment magnitude scale | most accurate; measures: amount of slip, length of fault that slips, strength of rock that slips |
| richter scale | measures amplitude of largest wave 100 km from epicenter |
| mercalli intensity scale | assess damage and perceptions |
| peaceful volcanoes (chemistry, viscosity, gas content) | basaltic -50% SiO2; low viscosity; low gas |
| middle explosive volcanoes (chemistry, viscosity, gas content) | andesitic -60% SiO2; intermediate viscosity & gas |
| very explosive volcanoes (chemistry, viscosity, gas content) | rhyolitic -70% SiO2; high viscosity; high gas |
| oblique-slip faults | diagonal sliding |
| dip-slip faults | movement parallel to dip line; rifting |
| strike-slip faults | slip parallel to strike line, no up or down, vertical dip; transform boundaries |
| ductile deformation | change shape w/o breaking; warm, high pressure, slow change |
| brittle deformation | cracking and breaking; cold, sudden |
Created by:
haleybaker
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