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Basic Ex. Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Human movement is accomplished through the functional integration of three systems within the human body . . . which are? | Kinetic Chain: Nervous, Skeletal and Muscular Systems |
| The central nervous system is composed of? | brain and spinal cord |
| 3 functions of nervous system | sensory, motor and integrative functions |
| What is the ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response? | Integrative Function |
| What is the neuromuscular response to the sensory information? | Motor function |
| What is the cumulative sensory imput to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement. | Proprioception |
| Functional Unit of the nervous system | neuron |
| Core of the nervous system | brain, spinal cord |
| 3 parts of a neuron | Cell body (soma) , axon and dendrites |
| 3 classifications of neurons | sensory(efferent), interneurons, motor ( efferent) |
| Which neurons respond to touch, sound, light, and other stimuli, and transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to the brain and spinal cord? | Sensory (efferent) |
| Which neurons transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another? | Interneurons |
| Which neurons transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the effector sites such as muscles and glands? | Motor (efferent) |
| The central nervous system is composed of? | Central and Peripheral Nervous System |
| Brain and Spinal cord make up the? | Central Nervous System |
| The cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body are called the | Peripheral Nervous System |
| What is the somatic nervous system? | nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle, and are largely responsible for the VOLUNTARY control of movement. |
| What is the Autonomic nervous system? | neural input to the involuntary systems of the body (heart, glands, digestive) |
| The 4 categories of sensory receptors | nociceptors, chemoreceptors,photoreceptors and mechanoreceptors |
| Which receptors respond to touch and pressure? | mechanoreceptors |
| Which receptors respond to pain | nociceptors |
| Which receptors respond to smell and taste? | chemoceptors |
| Which receptors respond to light? | photoreceptors |
| Where are mechanoreceptors located? | muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules and include muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs and joint receptors |
| What are receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change? | Muscle Spindles-stretch |
| What are the receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change? | GTO-Golgi Tendon Organ |
| Activation of what will cause the muscle to relax, which prevents the muscle from excessive stress or injury. | GTO-Golgi Tendon Organ |
| What are located in and around the joint capsule, and respond to pressure, acceleration and deceleration of the joint? | Joint Receptors |
| What is the body's framework, composed of bones and joints called? | Skeletal System |
| What provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs? | Bones |
| What are the junctions of bones, muscles and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as an articulation? | Joints |
| What is a portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column? | Axial Skeleton |
| Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities. | Appendicular Skeleton |
| A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation. | Osteoblast |
| A type of cell that removes bone tissue. | Osteoclast |
| What is the process o resorption and formation of bone? | Remodeling |
| What are the two functions of bones? | Levers and support |
| What are the 5 types of bones? | Long,short,flat, irregular, sesamoid |
| What are two examples of long bones? | Femur, humerus |
| What are two examples of short bones? | carpals of hand, tarsals of feet |
| What are two examples of flat bones? | Scapula, Ilium |
| Example of sesamoid bone? | Patella: develop at a site of considerable friction or tension |
| What is an example of a irregular bone? | vertebrae,pelvic bones |
| What is the end of a long bone which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. A primary cite for bone growth. | Epiphysis |
| What is the shaft portion of a long bone? | Diaphysis |
| What is the region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the dialysis occurs. | Epiphyseal Plate |
| What is the dense membrane composes of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane. | Periosteum |
| What is the central cavity of bone shafts where the marrow is stored? | Medullar Cavity |
| What is the cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of the bone? | Articular Cartilage |
| What is the flattened or indented portions of bone which can be muscle attachment sites? | Depressions |
| What are the projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons and ligaments can attach? | processes, condyle, epicondyle, tubercle, and trochanter |
| What are the first 7 bones of the vertebral column called? | Cervical |
| What are the second 12 bones for the vertebral column called? | Thoracic |
| What are the 5 bones of the low back called? | Lumbar |
| Joint Motions are called? | Arthrokinematics |
| What are the 3 major joint movements? | Roll,Spin and Slide |
| Most common joint in the human body | Synovial Joint |
| Joint that moves back and forth, side to side | Gliding (plane) carpals of hand |
| Joints formed because the condyle of one bone fits into the cavity of another bone to form the joint | Condyloid (knee) |
| Joint that moves in the sagittal plane | Hinge (elbow) |
| Joint only found in the thumb | Saddle |
| Joint that moves in one plane of motion | Pivot |
| Joint that moves in all planes of motion | Ball and socket |
| Where are the nonsynovial joints? | Skull |
| What is primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance and the limitation of improper joint movement? | Ligament-very little blood supply, does not heal well |
| Ligaments are made up of? | collagen and elastin |
| The nervous system is the control center for movement production, and the skeletal syestem provides the stuctural framework for our bodies, and the ____________ system is what moves the body. | Muscular |
| What is the series of muscles that moves the skeleton? | Muscular System |
| What are the 3 types of muscles in the body? | Cardiac, Skeletal and Smooth |
| What is multiple bundles of muscle fibers held together by connective tissue? | Muscle |
| What is the layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle? | Epimysium |
| What is the connective tissue that surrounds the fascicles? | Perimysium |
| What is the deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers? | Endomysium |
| What are the structures that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force? | Tendon |
| What is the functional unit of the muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin? | Sarcomere |
| A muscle fiber is a like a lasagna in that it is layered with thin and thick filaments. The thin are called? and the thick are called? | Actin( thin) myosin (thick) |
| What is a contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation? | Neural Activation |
| What are the two structures that are important to contraction? | Tropomyosin and troponin - both are located on actin filament. Tropomyosin blocks myosin from binding and Troponin helps myosin bind. |
| What is a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. | Motor Unit |
| What are the chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle? | Neurotransmitters |
| What is an important neurotransmitter in muscle contraction? | Acetylcholine |
| It describes how think and thin filaments within the sarcomere slide past one another, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere and thus shortening muscle and producing force. | Sliding Filament Theory |
| Is Muscle fiber Type I a slow or fast twitch? | Slow |
| Is Muscle Fiber Type II fast or slow twitch? | Fast |
| Type II muscle fibers are referred to as the white fibers because of their. | Low oxidation capacity (ability to use oxygen) |
| What kind of muscle is the prime mover? i.e. chest press (Pectoralis major), overhead press (deltoid), row Latissimus dorsi), squat (gluteus maximus) | Agonist |
| What type of muscle assists the agonist? i.e. chest press (anterior deltoid, triceps), Overhead press (triceps), row (posterior deltoid, biceps), squat (hamstring complex) | Synergist |
| What type of muscle stabilizes while the agonist and antagonist work? i.e. chest press (rotator cuff), overhead press (rotator cuff), row (rotator cuff), squat (transversus abdominis) | Stabilizer |
| What is the muscle that opposes the prime mover called?i.e. chest press (posterior deltoid), Overhead Press (Latissimus dorsi), Row (Pectoralis Major), Squat (Psoas) | Antagonist |
| What means "hormone secreting." | Endocrine System |
| What are the primary glands in the endocrine system? | Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland and Adrenal Gland |
| Which gland is considered the "master" gland of the endocrine system? | Pituitary Gland |
| The two organs which link the nervous system and the endocrine system are: | Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland |
| Which organ controls blood glucose and produces two specific hormones insulin and glucagon? | Pancreas |
| Where does Glucose enter the blood stream? | Small Instestine |
| What helps a cell receive glucose? | Insulin, results in a drop of blood glucose levels. Insulin causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle. |
| What functions to raise blood glucose levels by triggering the release of glycogen stores from the liver. | Glucagon |
| Which hormone increases heart rate, stroke volume, elevates blood glucose, redistributes blood to working tissues, and opens up airwaves? | Epinephrine (adrenaline) |
| What breaks down tissue? Stress hormone? | Cortisol |
| Where is growth hormone released from? | pituitary gland |
| Which organ is responsible for metabolism? | Thyroid, regulated by the pituitary gland |
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