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Cris A&P CH26
Fluids and Acid Base Balance
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Infants are about what percentage water? | 73% |
| Men have a water content of approximately what percentage? | 60% |
| Why do women have a lower water content (50%) than men? | Women have relatively more body fat and less skeletal muscle than men. |
| Does body water content stay the same throughout life? | No, it declines throughout life. |
| In old age what percentage of total body mass does water make up? | About 45% |
| What are the two main fluid compartments of the body? | Intracellular compartment (inside cells) and extracellular compartment (outside cells) |
| Which fluid compartment contains the most volume of fluid? | The intracellular compartment |
| How much of the body's fluid is contained in the intracellular compartment? | Slightly less that two-thirds |
| How much of the body's fluid is distributed in the extracellular fluid? | Approximately one-third |
| Name the two subcompartments of the extracellular fluid. | Blood plasma and interstitial fluid |
| Nonelectrolytes include most organic or inorganic molecules? | Organic |
| Do nonelectrolytes dissociate (breakdown) in water? | No |
| Do nonelectrolytes carry a net charge? | No |
| Do electrolytes dissociate (breakdown) in water? | Yes, they dissociate to ions. |
| What are electrolytes composed of? | Inorganic salts, acids, bases, and some proteins. |
| What is the major cation in extracellular fluid? | Na+ (sodium) |
| What is the major anion in extracellular fluid? | Cl- (Chloride) |
| What is the major cation in intracellular fluid? | K+ (Potassium) |
| What is the major anion in intracellular fluid? | Phosphate |
| What are the most abundant solutes in the body fluids? | Electrolytes |
| Proteins and nonelectrolytes account for what percentage of dissolved solutes in body fluids? | 60-97% |
| Do substances that reach the intracellular fluid have to pass through the plasma and interstitial fluid? | Yes |
| What does it mean when saying that movement of water between the interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid involves substantial two-way "osmotic flow"? | Water flows on a gradient. Water will always flow towards an area with a higher solute content. |
| The osmotic flow between interstitial and intracellular fluid is equal or unequal in both directions? | Equal |
| Movement of nutrients, respiratory gases and wastes typically occur in ____ direction between interstitial and intracellular compartments. | One |
| For the body to remain properly hydrated, what must occur? | Water intake must equal water output. |
| How does most water enter the body? | Through ingested liquids and food |
| How is water produced in the body? | By cellular metabolism |
| Name two ways that water is lost by insensible water loss." | By evaporative loss from the lungs (breathing) and skin. |
| Name three ways water is lost other than by insensible water loss. | Defecation, urination, sweating |
| The thirst mechanism is governed by what organ? | The hypothalamus |
| What triggers the thirst mechanism? | A decrease in plasma osmolarity (plasma has a higher concentration of solutes than water). Water will not leave plasma and go to salivary glands because water goes towards areas of higher solute concentration. This results in dry mouth. |
| What signals trigger the sensation of thirst being quenched? | Moistening of the oral mucosa as well as the upper GI tract and distention of the stomach and small intestines. |
| Why do we HAVE to drink water? | There is obligatory water loss due to insensible water loss (breathing and loss through the skin) |
| What determines solute concentration and volume of urine? | Fluid intake as well as obligatory water loss |
| What does ADH stand for? | Antidiuretic Hormone |
| The amount of water reabsorbed in the renal collecting ducts is proportional to the release of what hormone? | Antidiuretic Hormone |
| If antidiuretic hormone levels are low, will water be reabsorbed or released from the collecting ducts as dilute urine? | Water will be released as dilute urine. |
| What results if high levels of antidiuretic hormone is present? | Filtered water is reabsorbed in the collecting ducts and a lower volume of concentrated urine is released. |
| What organ determines if antidiuretic hormone is released or not? | Hypothalamus |
| What does the hypothalamus detect to determine if antidiuretic hormone release is necessary or not? | It detects changes in solute concentration of extracellular fluid. |
| Besides changes in solute concentration of the extracellular fluid, name two other changes in the body that determine whether antidiuretic hormone is released or inhibited. | Changes in blood volume or pressure, changes detected at vascular baroreceptors. |
| If water output exceeds water intake, what condition occurs? | Dehydration |
| What may being dehydrated lead to? | Weight loss, fever, mental confusion, hypovolemic shock |
| Define Hypotonic hydration. | Having an excessive amount of water in relation to solutes. |
| How can hypotonic hydration occur? | Renal insufficiency or an intake of an excessive amount of water very quickly. |
| What is edema? | The accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. |
| What may edema impair? | Normal tissue function. |
| Which cation is the most important in regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance? | Na+ (sodium) |
| Why is sodium the most important cation in regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance? | It is most important due to its abundance and osmotic pressure. |
| When sodium levels change, changes in what are also seen? | Water. Water follows sodium. |
| The compensatory shift in water due to sodium fluctuations will affect what other aspects of equilibrium in the body? | Plasma volume, blood pressure, and intracellular/interstitial fluid volume |
| Aldosterone is a hormone that has a direct effect on the amount of _____ that is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct of nephron in the kidney. | Sodium |
| What is the most important trigger for the release of aldosterone? | The renin-angiotensin mechanism |
| Decreases in blood pressure will trigger the release of what hormone to increase sodium retention in the distal convoluted tubules in the nephron of the kidney. | Aldosterone |
| If a decrease in filtrate osmolality (reduced number of solutes dissolved in bodily fluids) is detected, what hormone is released to retain more solutes? | Aldosterone |
| What do cardiovascular baroreceptors monitor so that blood pressure remains stable? | Blood volume |
| What does ANP stand for? | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide |
| If an increased blood pressure is noted in the atria of the heart, what hormone is released to counteract this increase in pressure? | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) |
| When ANP is released, what effects are seen in the body? | ADH release is inhibited (less water is reabsorbed in the collecting ducts), Release of renin is inhibited, release of aldosterone is inhibited (sodium is not reabsorbed in the collecting ducts, water is released as urine), direct vasodilation |
| What (typically in a female) hormone is chemically similar to aldosterone and enhances reabsorption of salt (sodium) by the renal tubules? | Estrogen(s) |
| What other ion (besides sodium) does aldosterone have an effect on? | Potassium (K+) |
| If aldosterone is released and causes an increase in sodium reabsorption, an increase in potassium ________ is seen. | Secretion |
| How are calcium ion levels regulated? | By the release of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin |
| What percentage of calcium is reabsorbed? | 98% |
| If blood calcium levels drop, what hormone is released? | Parathyroid hormone |
| If blood calcium levels increase, what is released to counteract parathyroid hormone and to target the bones to absorb calcium? | calcitonin |
| What major anion is reabsorbed with sodium? | Chloride (Cl-) |
| What does the anion Chloride do for the body? | It helps maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood. |
| If arterial blood pressure rises above 7.45, it is ______ and a condition called _____ occurs. | Alkaline, alkalosis |
| If arterial pH falls below 7.35, it is _____ and a condition called _____ occurs. | Acidic, acidosis |
| How do most hydrogen ions originate? | As metabolic by-products |
| Besides metabolic by-products, how do hydrogen ions enter the body? | Via ingested foods |
| Describe a chemical buffer system. | A system of one or two molecules that acts to resist changes in pH. |
| If pH rises, the chemical buffer system will ______ hydrogen ions to reduce the pH level. | Release |
| If pH decreases, the chemical buffer system will ____ Hydrogen ions to increase the pH level. | Bind |
| What is the main buffer system of the extracellular fluid? | The bicarbonate buffer system |
| Bicarbonate concentration of the extracellular fluid is closely regulated by what organs? | The Kidneys |
| Plasma Bicarbonate concentration is controlled by what organs? | The Lungs |
| Where does the phosphate buffer system operate? | In the urine and intracellular fluid. |
| What role does the respiratory system play in regulating hydrogen ion levels? | CO2 enters RBCS and is converted to bicarbonate ions for transport in the plasma. |
| When hypercapnia (increased CO2 in the blood) occurs, blood pH drops (becomes acidic). How does the respiratory system respond? | Breathing rate increases, depth of breathing increases, increased unloading of CO2 in the lungs. |
| When the pH of blood rises, what is seen in the respiratory system? | The respiratory center is depressed (slower breathing, less deep breathing, less CO2 is unloaded into the lungs). This allows CO2 to accumulate in the blood which lowers blood pH. |
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wiveys
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