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Influenza vaccine

QuestionAnswer
Antigenic drift NA and HA undergo minor changes (point mutations) during replication. Allows influenza to partially escape antibody mediated response - seasonal influenza
Antigenic shift Only influenza A viruses Major changes in HA and NA Reassortment of gene segments 2 strains co-infect same host leading to a new strain with no previous immunity in hosts
Diagnosis of Influenza -Taqman RT-PCR against conserved region (matrix, conserved in all subtypes) -significantly more sensitive than antigen detection/virus culture -can query HA and NA types to identify subtype
Epidemology seasonal activity 30-200 infections per 100,000 rate of influenza infections changes throughout the year, children <4 are more susceptible can can contract throughout the year. Mortality higher in <4, 65+
Vaccine 1. Inactivated A/B vaccine revaccination required every year changes every year depending on circulating strains Decided by sequencing, antigenic typing and epidemiological data Consists of 3 types - H1N1 H3N2 B
Inactivated production Grown in eggs - 1 egg = 1 dose of all 3 types after growth - inactivated and contaminants removed
Problems with Inactivated production The circulating strain of influenza may change after production
Inactivated vaccine efficacy Depends on age/health of individual -healthy adults 70% protection -very old and very young less protection -effectiveness also depends on how close vaccine strains match circulating strains
Who gets vaccinated? Immunocompromised Immunosuppressed Diabetics Asthmatics Healthcare professionals Chronically Ill Elderly/Children (over 70% coverage in elderly in england)
Live attenuated vaccine Temperature sensitive 38-39 restricting virus from replicating effectively in lower airways, replicates efficiently at 25 degrees given through the mucosal route
Live attenuated vaccine development Made from master donor A and B Influenza viruses that have been serially passaged at progressively lower temperatures to attenuate and have less effective replication at higher temperatures. Altered to have HA and NA types of current circulating strain
Live attenuated advantages stable vehicle of presenting HA and NA effective systemic response given Nasally
Live attenuated disadvantages cant give to patients with weakened immune system - risk of reversion. More expensive
Created by: teemo616
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